Thermophilic DNA polymerase mutants

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates to thermophilic family B DNA polymerases comprising a neutral amino acid residue at a certain position near the C-terminus of the catalytic domain, which corresponds to a position occupied by a basic amino acid residue in wild-type Pfu polymerase. Related uses, methods, and compositions are also provided. In some embodiments, the polymerases comprise a 3′-5′ exonuclease domain and/or a sequence non-specific dsDNA binding domain.

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/279,404, filed Jan. 15, 2016, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for any purpose.

The present application is filed with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled “LT01127 SL.txt” created on Aug. 20, 2018, which is 342,098 bytes in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

This disclosure relates to the field of thermophilic DNA polymerase mutants, including methods, uses, and compositions thereof.

Thermophilic DNA polymerases are commonly used in biotechnology and molecular biology applications, including nucleic acid synthesis techniques such as amplification (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, or PCR), which involves cycles of alternating denaturation and primer annealing and extension. Thermophilic DNA polymerases are resistant to inactivation by high temperatures and so are compatible with thermal denaturation steps. DNA polymerases comprise a catalytic domain that extends a 3′ terminus of a DNA strand in a template-dependent manner. DNA polymerases can also comprise an exonuclease domain, such as a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain. Such an exonuclease domain can reduce the frequency of misincorporation by removing mismatched nucleotides from the 3′ end of a nascent DNA strand. Certain artificial DNA polymerases further comprise a sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding domain. The presence of this domain can improve performance of the enzyme with respect to various parameters, including processivity, sensitivity, and yield.

Nucleic acid amplification can permit rapid detection of a target nucleic acid sequence and/or provide sufficient quantities of a sample for further analysis or manipulation, such as sequencing, cloning, restriction digestion, hybridization, ligation, mutagenesis, recombination, etc. Two key parameters of amplification are sensitivity and yield. Improving the sensitivity reduces the minimum amount of a target needed to produce a detectable product. Improving the yield increases the amount of product that results from a reaction, or reduces the amount of time and/or reagents necessary to obtain a given amount of product.

Samples may be refractory to amplification or may decrease sensitivity and/or yield if they contain nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, which may occur naturally in the sample or may be introduced during earlier sample processing steps. Examples of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors include polyanions such as heparin or xylan; anionic detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate; and certain complex organic substances such as humic acid, collagen, heme and heme-containing proteins, bile salts, and the like. Thermophilic DNA polymerases with improved tolerance of such inhibitors would reduce the need for purification and other sample processing steps in advance of nucleic acid synthesis and reduce the frequency of unsatisfactory synthesis reactions.

Certain polymerases such as the family B polymerases, including Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) DNA polymerase (see Kennedy et al., “The Mechanistic Architecture of the Thermostable Pyrococcus furiosus Family B DNA Polymerase Motif A and its Interaction with dNTP Substrate,” Biochemistry 2009 Dec. 1; 48(47): 11161-11168. doi:10.1021/bi9010122) and related polymerases, may benefit from mutations that increase yield and/or sensitivity. In some instances, an A408S mutation has been introduced into family B polymerases in order to improve accuracy (i.e., reduced error rate or increased fidelity), but with a detrimental impact on yield and/or sensitivity. It would be desirable to provide variants of family B polymerases that have improved yield and/or sensitivity. Further, coupled with an A408S mutation, such variants may have improved yield and/or sensitivity and also improved fidelity. It would also be desirable to provide variants of such polymerases with improved inhibitor resistance. Such polymerases could be suitable for use with a broader spectrum of samples and/or could reduce the need for preprocessing in advance of nucleic acid synthesis reactions in which high fidelity is desirable, such as for cloning, sequencing, gene construction, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.

Thus, there are needs for thermophilic DNA polymerases having increased inhibitor tolerance and/or the capability to provide increased yield and/or sensitivity. Provided herein are polymerases and related methods and compositions that can solve these needs and/or provide other benefits.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides thermophilic DNA polymerase mutants and methods of nucleic acid synthesis using thermophilic DNA polymerase mutants. In some embodiments, a thermophilic DNA polymerase comprising a family B polymerase catalytic domain is provided, the family B polymerase catalytic domain having an amino acid sequence in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the family B polymerase catalytic domain sequence of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 10, 15 to 18, 25, 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, and 45 to 48, wherein X is the neutral amino acid residue and is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G. In some embodiments, X is N or G. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at the position of the amino acid sequence that aligns to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at the position of the amino acid sequence that corresponds to position 25 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a serine. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain comprises a consecutive amino acid sequence of WQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 80), XQTGL, (SEQ ID NO: 81), KTXQT (SEQ ID NO: 82), YQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 83), XQVGL (SEQ ID NO: 84), KTXQV (SEQ ID NO: 85), YQSSX (SEQ ID NO: 86), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), SSXQT (SEQ ID NO: 87), TGRVX (SEQ ID NO: 88), XKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 89), RVXKS (SEQ ID NO: 90), TGRSX (SEQ ID NO: 91), XRTLL (SEQ ID NO: 82), or RSXRT (SEQ ID NO: 93); wherein X is a neutral amino acid residue; and wherein X is within 20 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a subfamily B3 polymerase domain. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is a polar neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue comprises an amide. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is selected from Q and N. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 62. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is C-terminal to the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is a 7 kD DNA-binding domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is an Sso7d, Sac7d, or Sac7e domain.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises: (a) the consecutive amino acid residues LDFRS (SEQ ID NO: 94), (b) the consecutive amino acid residues FRSLY (SEQ ID NO: 95), or (c) the consecutive amino acid residues SLYPS (SEQ ID NO: 96), wherein the underlined serine residue is within 30 amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain. In some embodiments, the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain is N-terminal to the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain is a DEDDy archaeal exonuclease domain. In some embodiments, the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 19, 23, 31, 35, 39, 43, 49, 51, 52, and 76 to 79.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 14, 19 to 22, 27 to 30, and 76 to 79, wherein X is the neutral amino acid residue and is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G. In some embodiments, X is N or G.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence comprising (i) at least one difference at a position corresponding to position 15, 72, 93, 141, 143, 247, 265, 337, 385, 387, 388, 399, 400, 405, 407, 410, 485, 542, 546, 593, or 595 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or (ii) at least one missing residue corresponding to position 92, 93, 94, or 381 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one mismatch or missing residue comprises at least one of:

(i) a missing residue corresponding to position 92 or 94 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ii) a Q or R at the position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(iii) an A at the position corresponding to position 141 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(iv) an A at the position corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(v) an I at the position corresponding to position 337 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(vi) a Q, S, N, L, or H at the position corresponding to position 385 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(vii) a P or S at the position corresponding to position 387 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(viii) a P at the position corresponding to position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(ix) a D at the position corresponding to position 399 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(x) a G or D at the position corresponding to position 400 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xi) an E at the position corresponding to position 405 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xii) an I at the position corresponding to position 407 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xiii) an L or F at the position corresponding to position 410 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xiv) a T at the position corresponding to position 485 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xv) a P at the position corresponding to position 542 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xvi) an H at the position corresponding to position 546 of SEQ ID NO: 1;

(xvii) a T at the position corresponding to position 593 of SEQ ID NO: 1; or

(xviii) an S at the position corresponding to position 595 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase has at least one of the following properties:

(i) capable of amplifying a 2 kb target from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in the presence of 0.2 μM heparin in a PCR; or

(ii) capable of amplifying a 2 kb target from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in the presence of 400 ng/μl xylan in a PCR;

wherein amplification is successful if product is detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining within 30 PCR cycles.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase is bound to a thermolabile inhibitor. In some embodiments, the thermolabile inhibitor comprises an antibody, an Affibody®, an oligonucleotide, such as an aptamer, and/or a chemical modification.

In some embodiments, a method of in vitro nucleic acid synthesis is provided, comprising contacting at least one primer and at least one template with a thermophilic DNA polymerase provided herein in the presence of at least one dNTP. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase is initially bound to a thermolabile inhibitor and the method comprises denaturing the inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method further comprises amplification of the template. In some embodiments, the amplification comprises a PCR.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a thermophilic DNA polymerase described herein is provided. In some embodiments, an expression vector comprising the nucleic acid is provided. In some embodiments, an isolated host cell comprising the nucleic acid or the expression vector is provided. In some embodiments, a method of producing a thermophilic DNA polymerase described herein is provided, comprising culturing at least one host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the thermophilic DNA polymerase, wherein the at least one host cell expresses the thermophilic DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the thermophilic DNA polymerase.

In some embodiments, compositions comprising thermophilic DNA polymerases described herein are provided. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one hot start inhibitor. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least two hot start inhibitors. In some embodiments, each hot start inhibitor is independently selected from an antibody, an Affibody®, an oligonucleotide and/or a chemical modification. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least two antibodies. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an antibody and an oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide is an aptamer. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one antibody, and an Affibody® or an aptamer.

In some embodiments, the composition is a storage composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one protein stabilizer. In some embodiments, the protein stabilizer is selected from BSA, inactive polymerase, and apotransferrin. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a UTPase. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one buffering agent. In some embodiments, the buffering agent is selected from acetate buffer, sulfate buffer, phosphate buffer, MOPS, HEPES and Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS). In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one monovalent cationic salt. In some embodiments, the monovalent cationic salt is selected from KCl and NaCl. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is selected from glycerol, trehalose, lactose, maltose, galactose, glucose, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is dithiothreitol (DTT). In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one divalent chelating agent. In some embodiments, the divalent chelating agent is EDTA. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one detergent. In some embodiments, the detergent is anionic. In some embodiments, the detergent is cationic. In some embodiments, the detergent is non-ionic. In some embodiments, the detergent is zwitterionic. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a detergent selected from Hecameg (6-O—(N-Heptylcarbamoyl)-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside), Triton X-200, Brij-58, CHAPS, n-Dodecyl-b-D-maltoside, NP-40, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), TRITON® X-15, TRITON® X-35, TRITON® X-45, TRITON® X-100, TRITON® X-102, TRITON® X-114, TRITON® X-165, TRITON® X-305, TRITON® X-405, TRITON® X-705, Tween® 20 and/or ZWITTERGENT®.

In some embodiments, the composition is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the composition is a lyophilized composition.

In some embodiments, the composition is a reaction composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one buffering agent. In some embodiments, the buffering agent is selected from acetate buffer, sulfate buffer, phosphate buffer, MOPS, HEPES and Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS). In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one monovalent cationic salt. In some embodiments, the monovalent cationic salt is selected from KCl and NaCl. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one divalent cationic salt. In some embodiments, the divalent cationic salt is MgCl₂ or MnCl₂. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one detergent. In some embodiments, the detergent is anionic. In some embodiments, the detergent is cationic. In some embodiments, the detergent is non-ionic. In some embodiments, the detergent is zwitterionic. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a detergent selected from Hecameg (6-O—(N-Heptylcarbamoyl)-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside), Triton X-200, Brij-58, CHAPS, n-Dodecyl-b-D-maltoside, NP-40, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), TRITON® X-15, TRITON® X-35, TRITON® X-45, TRITON® X-100, TRITON® X-102, TRITON® X-114, TRITON® X-165, TRITON® X-305, TRITON® X-405, TRITON® X-705, Tween® 20 and/or ZWITTERGENT®. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one dNTP. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dATP, dGTP, dTTP, and dCTP. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises glycerol, DMSO, and/or ammonium sulphate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one dye. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one dye selected from xylene cyanol FF, tartrazine, phenol red, quinoline yellow, zylene cyanol, Brilliant Blue, Patent Blue, indigocarmine, acid red 1, m-cresol purple, cresol red, neutral red, bromocresol green, acid violet 5, bromo phenol blue, and orange G. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one agent that increases the density of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one agent selected from PEG 4000 and/or sucrose. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one primer. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one nucleic acid template.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which heparin was present at a series of concentrations from 0 to 0.3 μM and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with (“408S”) or without (no 408 designation) a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 2 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which xylan was present at a series of concentrations from 0 to 400 ng/μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with (“408S”) or without (no 408 designation) a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which humic acid was present at a series of concentrations from 0 to 1 ng/μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 4 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which sodium dodecyl sulfate (“SDS”) was present at a series of concentrations from 0 to 0.016% or 0.2% (w/v) and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 5 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which a 2 kb fragment was amplified from a series of amounts of human genomic DNA template between 0 and 400 ng in a 20 μl PCR mixture using a polymerase comprising a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with (“408S”) or without (no 408 designation) a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 6A shows a comparison of PCR amplifications in which a 10 kb fragment was amplified from a series of amounts of bacteriophage lambda DNA template between 0 and 200 ng in a 20 μl PCR mixture using a polymerase comprising a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with (“408S”) or without (no 408 designation) a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 6B shows a bar graph illustrating yield from amplification of a 10 kb fragment from a series of amounts of bacteriophage lambda DNA template using a polymerase comprising a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain with (“762Q”) or without (“762K”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with (“408S”) or without (no 408 designation) a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 7A shows a comparison of PCR amplifications of a 2 kb product in which human genomic DNA template was present at a series of amounts from 0 to 400 ng in a reaction volume of 20 μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain without (“408S 762K”) or with (“408S 762Q”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 7B shows a comparison of PCR amplifications of a 5 kb product in which bacteriophage lambda DNA template was present at a series of amounts from 0 to 200 ng in a reaction volume of 20 μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain without (“408S 762K”) or with (“408S 762Q”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 8 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications of a 20 kb product in which bacteriophage lambda DNA template was present at a series of amounts from 0 to 100 ng in a reaction volume of 20 μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain without (“408S 762K”) or with (“408S 762Q”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 9 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications of a 20 kb product in which Escherichia coli genomic DNA template was present at a series of amounts from 0 to 40 ng in a reaction volume of 20 μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain without (“408S 762K”) or with (“408S 762Q”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIG. 10 shows a comparison of PCR amplifications of a 7.5 kb product in which human genomic DNA template was present at a series of amounts from 0 to 400 ng in a reaction volume of 20 μl and in which the polymerase comprised a family B thermophilic DNA polymerase catalytic domain without (“408S 762K”) or with (“408S 762Q”) a neutral amino acid residue at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 379 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) and with a serine at the position that aligns to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; aligning to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)).

FIGS. 11A through 11B show a multiple amino acid sequence alignment of Thermococcus litoralis (“Tli”; SEQ ID NO: 31), (“Tsp9N7”; SEQ ID NO: 49), Thermococcus gorgonarius (“Tgo”; SEQ ID NO: 39), Thermococcus kodakarensis (“Tko”; SEQ ID NO: 43), Pyrococcus furiosus (“Pfu”; SEQ ID NO: 2), and Deep Vent (“DP”; SEQ ID NO: 23) polymerases, in which the position corresponding to position 408 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1) is marked with an asterisk (*) and the position corresponding to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1) is marked with a pound (#). The position corresponding to position 762 of Pfu is indicated as “X” in each amino acid sequence of the sequence alignment. X may be selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. In some embodiments, X is Q.

FIG. 12 shows a multiple amino acid sequence alignment of the catalytic domains of Thermococcus litoralis (“Tli”; SEQ ID NO: 33), (“Tsp9N7”; SEQ ID NO: 47), Thermococcus gorgonarius (“Tgo”; SEQ ID NO: 41), Thermococcus kodakarensis (“Tko”; SEQ ID NO: 45), Pyrococcus furiosus (“Pfu”; SEQ ID NO: 7), and Deep Vent (“DP”; SEQ ID NO: 25) polymerases, in which the position corresponding to position 408 of Pfu in the full-length polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 1; corresponding to position 25 of the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) is marked with an asterisk (*) and position corresponding to position 762 of Pfu in the full-length polymerase (SEQ ID NO: 1; corresponding to position 379 in the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) is marked with a pound (#). The position corresponding to position 762 of Pfu (SEQ ID NO: 1; position 379 in the Pfu catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 6)) is indicated as “X” in the sequence alignment. X may be selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. In some embodiments, X is Q.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This description and exemplary embodiments should not be taken as limiting. For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages, or proportions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about,” to the extent they are not already so modified. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and any singular use of any word, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. As used herein, the term “include” and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

The term “nucleic acid synthesis” refers to template-directed synthesis of a nucleic acid strand using a polymerase enzyme. Nucleic acid synthesis includes all such template-directed nucleic acid synthesis by a polymerase, including, but not limited to, amplification, PCR, end point PCR (epPCR), real time or quantitative PCR (qPCR), one-step RT-PCR, sequencing, etc.

As used herein the terms “amplify”, “amplifying”, “amplification” and other related terms include producing multiple copies of an original biomolecule, such as a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, nucleic acid amplification produces multiple copies of an original nucleic acid and/or its complement (e.g., target nucleic acid, also referred to as a target polynucleotide), where the copies comprise at least a portion of the template sequence and/or its complement. Such copies may be single-stranded or double-stranded.

A “template” or “template nucleic acid” or “template polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide that comprises the polynucleotide sequence to be amplified. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence to be amplified is flanked by primer hybridization sites, such as a hybridization site for a 5′ primer (or the complement thereof) and a hybridization site for a 3′ primer (or the complement thereof). A template may comprise RNA and/or DNA, and may be from a natural source, or be synthetic. Nonlimiting exemplary templates include genomic DNA, viral DNA, mitochondrial DNA, viral RNA, mRNA, tRNA, microRNA, plasmids, vectors, cosmids, artificial chromosomes, etc. Any polynucleotide that may be copied or amplified by a polymerase enzyme is considered a template.

“Domain” refers to a unit of a protein or protein complex, comprising a polypeptide subsequence, a complete polypeptide sequence, or a plurality of polypeptide sequences where that unit has a defined function. The function is understood to be broadly defined and can be ligand binding, catalytic activity, and/or can have a stabilizing effect on the structure of the protein.

Residues “correspond” to each other where they occur at equivalent positions in aligned amino acid sequences, such as family B thermophilic polymerase sequences and/or a domain thereof, such as a catalytic or exonuclease domain. Corresponding positions can be identified as positions that align with one another. Related or variant polypeptides are aligned by any method in the art. Such methods typically maximize matches, and include methods such as using manual alignments and by using any of the numerous alignment programs available (for example, BLASTP) and others known in the art. By aligning the sequences of polypeptides, one of skill in the art can identify corresponding residues, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides. In some embodiments, an amino acid of a polypeptide is considered to correspond to an amino acid in a disclosed sequence when the amino acid of the polypeptide is aligned with the amino acid in the disclosed sequence upon alignment of the polypeptide with the disclosed sequence to maximize identity and homology (e.g., where conserved amino acids are aligned) using a standard alignment algorithm, such as the BLASTP algorithm with default scoring parameters (such as, for example, BLOSUM62 Matrix, Gap existence penalty 11, Gap extension penalty 1, and with default general parameters). As a non-limiting example, with reference to the multiple sequence alignment shown in FIGS. 11A-C, amino acid residue 408 in SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponds to positions 410, 407, 407, 407, and 408 in SEQ ID NOs: 52, 57, 55, 56, and 51, respectively (marked with an asterisk in FIGS. 11A). As another non-limiting example, amino acid residue 762 in SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponds to positions 764, 761, 761, 761, and 762 in SEQ ID NOs: 52, 57, 55, 56, and 51, respectively (marked with a pound in FIGS. 11B). In some embodiments, corresponding positions can also be identified using overlaid 3-D structures, where available, as positions at which greater than 50% of the volume occupied by a space-filling model of an amino acid in a first polypeptide is occupied by the space-filling model of the corresponding amino acid in a second polypeptide.

“Identity” is measured by a score determined by comparing the amino acid sequences of the two polypeptides using the Bestfit program. Bestfit uses the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489 (1981) to find the best segment of similarity between two sequences. When using Bestfit to determine whether a test amino acid sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence according to the present disclosure, the parameters are set so that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the test amino acid sequence, such that 95% of the amino acids in the test amino acid sequence align with identical amino acids on the reference sequence.

“Sequence-non-specific DNA binding domain” or “DNA binding domain” refers to a protein domain that binds to DNA without significant sequence preference. In some embodiments, a DNA binding domain binds to double-stranded DNA. Non-limiting exemplary DNA binding domains include Sso7d from Sulfolobus solfataricus, Sac7d, Sac7a, Sac7b, and Sac7e from S. acidocaldarius, and Ssh7a and Ssh7b from Sulfolobus shibatae, Pae3192, Pae0384, and Ape3192, HMf family archaeal histone domains, and archaeal PCNA homolog.

With reference to two polypeptides or two polypeptide domains, the term “fused” means that the two polypeptides or polypeptide domains are contained in a single contiguous polypeptide sequence.

“Heterologous”, when used with reference to portions of a protein, indicates that the protein comprises two or more domains that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. In some embodiments, such a protein, e.g., a fusion protein, contains two or more domains from unrelated proteins arranged to make a new functional protein.

“Error-correcting activity” of a polymerase or polymerase domain refers to the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease proofreading activity of a polymerase whereby nucleotides that do not form Watson-Crick base pairs with the template are removed from the 3′ end of an oligonucleotide, i.e., a strand being synthesized from a template, in a sequential manner. Examples of polymerases that have error-correcting activity include polymerases from Pyrococcus furiosus, Thermococcus litoralis, and Thermotoga maritima with wild-type exonuclease domains, and certain others discussed herein.

“Sensitivity” as used herein, refers to the ability of a polymerase to amplify a target nucleic acid that is present at low copy number. In some embodiments, low copy number refers to a target nucleic acid that is present at fewer than 10,000 or fewer than 1,000 or fewer than 100 or fewer than 10 copies in the composition comprising the target nucleic acid and the polymerase.

“Specificity” as used herein, refers to the ability of a polymerase to amplify a target nucleic acid while producing fewer non-specific amplification byproducts, such as those resulting from primer-dimers.

As used herein the terms “hybridize”, “hybridizing”, “hybridization” and other related terms include hydrogen bonding between two different nucleic acids, or between two different regions of a nucleic acid, to form a duplex nucleic acid. Hybridization can comprise Watson-Crick or Hoogstein binding to form a duplex nucleic acid. The two different nucleic acids, or the two different regions of a nucleic acid, may be complementary, or partially complementary. The complementary base pairing can be the standard A-T or C-G base pairing, or can be other forms of base-pairing interactions. Duplex nucleic acids can include mismatched base-paired nucleotides. Complementary nucleic acid strands need not hybridize with each other across their entire length.

In some embodiments, conditions that are suitable for nucleic acid hybridization and/or nucleic acid synthesis include parameters such as salts, buffers, pH, temperature, % GC content of the polynucleotide and primers, and/or time. For example, conditions suitable for hybridizing nucleic acids (e.g., polynucleotides and primers) can include hybridization solutions having sodium salts, such as NaCl, sodium citrate and/or sodium phosphate. In some embodiments, a hybridization solution can be a stringent hybridization solution which can include any combination of formamide (e.g., about 50%), 5×SSC (e.g., about 0.75 M NaCl and about 0.075 M sodium citrate), sodium phosphate (e.g., about 50 mM at about pH 6.8), sodium pyrophosphate (e.g., about 0.1%), 5×Denhardt's solution, SDS (e.g., about 0.1%), and/or dextran sulfate (e.g., about 10%). In some embodiments, hybridization and/or nucleic acid synthesis can be conducted at a temperature range of about 45-55° C., or about 55-65° C., or about 65-75° C.

In some embodiments, hybridization or nucleic acid synthesis conditions can be conducted at a pH range of about 5-10, or about pH 6-9, or about pH 6.5-8, or about pH 6.5-7.

Thermal melting temperature (T_(m)) for nucleic acids can be a temperature at which half of the nucleic acid strands are double-stranded and half are single-stranded under a defined condition. In some embodiments, a defined condition can include ionic strength and pH in an aqueous reaction condition. A defined condition can be modulated by altering the concentration of salts (e.g., sodium), temperature, pH, buffers, and/or formamide. Typically, the calculated thermal melting temperature can be at about 5-30° C. below the T_(m), or about 5-25° C. below the T_(m), or about 5-20° C. below the T_(m), or about 5-15° C. below the T_(m), or about 5-10° C. below the T_(m). Methods for calculating a T_(m) are well known and can be found in Sambrook (1989 in “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, 2nd edition, volumes 1-3; Wetmur 1966, J. Mol. Biol., 31:349-370; Wetmur 1991 Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 26:227-259). Other sources for calculating a T_(m) for hybridizing or denaturing nucleic acids include OligoAnalyze (from Integrated DNA Technologies) and Primer3 (distributed by the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research).

Provided herein are thermophilic DNA polymerases comprising a family B polymerase catalytic domain in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a certain position. Many types of Family B polymerases are described in Rothwell and Watsman, Advances in Protein Chemistry 71:401-440 (2005). Examples of thermophilic Family B polymerases include those of the Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, such as the Deep Vent polymerase and Family B polymerases of P. furiosus, P. calidifontis, P. aerophilum, T kodakarensis, T gorgonarius, and Thermococcus sp. 9° N-7. Exemplary wild-type amino acid sequences for such thermophilic family B polymerases can be obtained from public databases such as NCBI GenBank or UniProt. Wild-type sequences include naturally-occurring variants of the amino acid sequences for such thermophilic family B polymerases can be obtained from public databases such as NCBI GenBank or UniProt. Note that in some cases, the sequences are annotated as containing inteins; the inteins are not present in the mature enzyme.

In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has an amino acid sequence in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has an amino acid sequence wherein the amino acid residue at the position of the amino acid sequence that aligns to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 10, 15 to 18, 25, 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, and 45 to 48, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 25, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 33, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 37, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 47, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 41, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue.

Examples of family B polymerase catalytic domain sequences are shown, e.g., in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the C-terminus is the residue at the position of the conserved leucine shown as the last residue in the multiple sequence alignment in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position corresponding to position 383 of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position corresponding to the leucine which is the last residue of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position that aligns to the leucine which is the last residue of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position corresponding to a leucine selected from the leucines shown as the final residues in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position that aligns to a leucine selected from the leucines shown as the final residues in FIG. 12. The C-terminal residue in any of the foregoing embodiments can be a leucine.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises: (a) the consecutive amino acid residues WQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 80), (b) the consecutive amino acid residues YQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 83), (c) the consecutive amino acid residues XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), (d) the consecutive amino acid residues XQVGL (SEQ ID NO: 84), (e) the consecutive amino acid residues KTXQT (SEQ ID NO: 82), or (f) the consecutive amino acid residues KTXQV (SEQ ID NO: 85; wherein X is a neutral amino acid residue; and wherein X is within 20, 15, 10, 5, or 4 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, The C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain can be identified as the amino acid that aligns to or corresponds to the last amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a consecutive amino acid sequence of WQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 80), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), KTXQT (SEQ ID NO: 82), YQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 83), XQVGL (SEQ ID NO: 84), KTXQV (SEQ ID NO: 85), YQSSX (SEQ ID NO: 86), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), or SSXQT (SEQ ID NO: 87); wherein X is a neutral amino acid residue; and wherein X is within 20, 15, 10, 5, or 4 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a consecutive amino acid sequence of WQKTX SEQ ID NO: 80), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), KTXQT (SEQ ID NO: 82), YQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 83), XQVGL (SEQ ID NO: 84), KTXQV (SEQ ID NO: 85), YQSSX (SEQ ID NO: 86), XQTGL )SEQ ID NO: 81), SSXQT (SEQ ID NO: 87), TGRVX (SEQ ID NO: 88), XKSLL (SEQ IS NO: 89), RVXKS (SEQ ID NO: 90), TGRSX (SEQ ID NO: 91), XRTLL (SEQ ID NO: 92), or RSXRT (SEQ ID NO: 93); wherein X is a neutral amino acid residue; and wherein X is within 20, 15, 10, 5, or 4 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. X can be within 15 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain in any of the foregoing embodiments. X can be within 10 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain in any of the foregoing embodiments. X can be within 5 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain in any of the foregoing embodiments. X can be within 4 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain in any of the foregoing embodiments. For the avoidance of doubt, in a sequence segment consisting of n residues, residues 1 to n are within n−1 residues of position n; e.g., if n is 5, positions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and are within 4 residues of position 5.

This paragraph concerns the neutral amino acid residue referred to in any of the embodiments mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. Neutral amino acid residues do not have side chains containing groups that are more than 50% charged at pH 7.4 in aqueous solution at 37° C., such as carboxyls, amines, and guanidino groups. Neutral amino acid residues include canonical and noncanonical residues unless indicated to the contrary. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid is a noncanonical residue. A noncanonical residue is a residue other than the twenty amino acid residues abbreviated as one of the twenty following letters: A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Y (e.g., norleucine and selenomethionine are noncanonical; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,541,170 for additional examples of noncanonical residues, which are referred to therein as “nonclassical amino acids or chemical amino acid analogs”). In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid is less than 10%, 1%, 0.1%, or 0.01% charged at pH 7.4 in aqueous solution at 37° C. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is a polar neutral amino acid residue. A residue is polar if its side chain contains at least one hydrogen bond donor or acceptor. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid comprises a side chain comprising an alcohol, amide, carbonyl, ester, or ether. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid comprises a side chain comprising an alcohol. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid comprises a side chain comprising an amide. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, or G. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, or G. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, S, T, C, M, A, I, L, V, or G. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, S, T, C, M, A, or G. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, or W. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, H, S, T, Y, or W. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, H, S, T, C, or M. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, S, T, C, or M. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q, N, S, or T. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q or N. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is S. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is T. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is Q. In some embodiments, the neutral amino acid residue is N.

In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a subfamily B3 polymerase domain. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of a Pyrococcus in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of a Thermococcus in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of a Pyrobaculum in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Pyrococcus furiosus in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Pyrococcus species GB-D in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Thermococcus kodakarensis in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Thermococcus litoralis in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Thermococcus gorgonarius in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Thermococcus sp. 9° N-7 in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Pyrobaculum calidifontis in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above. In some embodiments, the family B polymerase catalytic domain is a family B polymerase domain of Pyrobaculum aerophilum in which a neutral amino acid residue is present at a position discussed above.

In some embodiments, all domains of the thermophilic DNA polymerase are contained in a single polypeptide. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a plurality of polypeptide chains, which may be noncovalently associated or covalently associated. The plurality of polypeptide chains can include a first polypeptide comprising a polymerase catalytic domain and a second polypeptide comprising an additional domain, such as a sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain. A covalent association can include, e.g., one or more disulfide bonds or chemical conjugation using a linking compound, e.g., a chemical crosslinking agent, including, for example, succinimidyl-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC). Disulfide bonds and chemical conjugation are discussed further below.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a sequence non-specific DNA-binding domain, e.g., a thermostable DNA binding domain. The DNA binding domain can be, for example, present as part of a fusion protein with the polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is fused C-terminal to the polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is noncovalently associated with the polypeptide comprising the polymerase catalytic domain, e.g., in the manner of the association between sliding clamps and certain family B polymerases. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprising the polymerase catalytic domain further comprises a sequence that noncovalently associates with an DNA binding domain, such as the PCNA-interacting sequence of a dimeric archaeal polymerase such as Pfu Pol II. As discussed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,541,170, an DNA binding domain can provide improved processivity relative to version of the enzyme lacking the DNA binding domain. Processivity reflects the extent to which a polymerase continues to synthesize DNA (adding nucleotides in processive catalytic events) along the same template without falling off. In some embodiments, high processivity correlates to high sensitivity in amplification reactions.

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is covalently conjugated to the polypeptide comprising the polymerase catalytic domain. Techniques for covalent conjugation of heterologous domains are described, e.g., in BIOCONJUGATE TECHNIQUES, Hermanson, Ed., Academic Press (1996). Such techniques include, for example, derivitization for the purpose of linking the moieties to each other, either directly or through a linking compound, by methods that are well known in the art of protein chemistry. For example, in one chemical conjugation embodiment, the catalytic domain and the nucleic acid binding domain are linked using a heterobifunctional coupling reagent which ultimately contributes to formation of an intermolecular disulfide bond between the two moieties. Other types of coupling reagents that are useful in this capacity for the present invention are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,985. Alternatively, an intermolecular disulfide may conveniently be formed between cysteines in each moiety, which occur naturally or are inserted by genetic engineering. The means of linking moieties may also use thioether linkages between heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents or specific low pH cleavable crosslinkers or specific protease cleavable linkers or other cleavable or noncleavable chemical linkages.

In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 53 to 62. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is an archaeal DNA binding domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a 7 kD DNA-binding domain, which occurs in certain archaeal small basic DNA binding proteins (see, e.g., Choli et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 950:193-203, 1988; Baumann et al., Structural Biol. 1:808-819, 1994; and Gao et al, Nature Struc. Biol. 5:782-786, 1998). Additional archaeal DNA binding domains are discussed in Hardy and Martin, Extremophiles 12:235-46 (2008).

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is an Sso7d domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a Sac7d domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a Sac7e domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 62.

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a Pae3192 domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a Pae0384 domain. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a Ape3192 domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is an archaeal histone domain. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is an HMf family archaeal histone domain (see, e.g., Stanch et al., J Molec. Biol. 255:187-203, 1996; Sandman et al., Gene 150:207-208, 1994). In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is an HMf family archaeal histone domain from Methanothermus. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is an HMf family archaeal histone domain from Pyrococcus. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is an HMf family archaeal histone domain from Methanothermus fervidus. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is an HMf family archaeal histone domain from Pyrococcus strain GB-3a. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is a Methanothermus HMfA archaeal histone domain. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is a Methanothermus HMfB archaeal histone domain. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is a Pyrococcus HpyA1 archaeal histone domain. In some embodiments, the archaeal histone domain is a Pyrococcus HpyA2 archaeal histone domain. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 61.

In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain is a sliding clamp, such as an archaeal PCNA homolog. Sliding clamps can exist as trimers in solution, and can form a ring-like structure with a central passage capable of accommodating double-stranded DNA. The sliding clamp forms specific interactions with the amino acids located at the C terminus of particular DNA polymerases, and tethers those polymerases to the DNA template during replication. The sliding clamp in eukaryotes is referred to as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), while similar proteins in other domains are often referred to as PCNA homologs. These homologs have marked structural similarity but limited sequence similarity. PCNA homologs have been identified from thermophilic Archaea (e.g., Sulfolobus solfataricus, Pyrococcus furiosus, etc.). Some family B polymerases in Archaea have a C terminus containing a consensus PCNA-interacting amino acid sequence and are capable of using a PCNA homolog as a processivity factor (see, e.g., Cann et al., J. Bacteriol. 181:6591-6599, 1999 and De Felice et al., J Mol. Biol. 291:47-57, 1999). These PCNA homologs are useful sequence-non-specific double-stranded DNA binding domains. For example, a consensus PCNA-interacting sequence can be joined to a polymerase that does not naturally interact with a PCNA homolog, thereby allowing a PCNA homolog to serve as a processivity factor for the polymerase. By way of illustration, the PCNA-interacting sequence from Pyrococcus furiosus Pol II (a heterodimeric DNA polymerase containing two family B-like polypeptides) can be covalently joined to a sequence based on Pyrococcus furiosus Pol I (a monomeric family B polymerase that does not normally interact with a PCNA homolog). The resulting fusion protein can then be allowed to associate non-covalently with the Pyrococcus furiosus PCNA homolog to generate a heterologous protein with increased processivity.

Nucleic acids encoding the domains of a fusion protein invention can be obtained using recombinant genetics techniques. Basic texts disclosing the general methods for doing so include Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL (2nd ed. 1989); Kriegler, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION:A LABORATORY MANUAL (1990); and CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994)).

In some embodiments, catalytic and binding domains of the polymerase are joined by a linker domain, e.g., a polypeptide sequence of 1 to about 200 amino acids in length, such as 1 to about 100, 50, 25, or 10 amino acids. In some embodiments, proline residues are incorporated into the linker to prevent the formation of significant secondary structural elements by the linker. Linkers can often be flexible amino acid subsequences that are synthesized as part of a recombinant fusion protein. For a discussion of linkers, see, e.g., US 2011/0086406 A1 including at paragraphs 83-89 thereof.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an exonuclease domain. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain. The 3′-5′ exonuclease domain can have error-correcting activity, also known as proofreading activity, in which the exonuclease preferentially removes a base from a nascent DNA strand/extension product/3′ terminus that is not a Watson-Crick match to the template strand. In some embodiments, the 3′-5′ exonuclease domain is a DEDDy archaeal exonuclease domain. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is N-terminal to the DNA polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1, 19, 23, 31, 35, 39, 43, 49, 51, or 52. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises a domain having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to the exonuclease domain of SEQ ID NO: 52. An exonuclease domain can be identified using BLASTP against the RefSeq database can be identified by using NCBI BLASTP to search the RefSeq database. NCBI BLASTP automatically identifies certain domains such as exonuclease domains and indicates their termini as the positions at which the domain begins and ends.

In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of a Pyrococcus. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of a Thermococcus. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of a Pyrobaculum. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Pyrococcus furiosus. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Pyrococcus species GB-D. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Thermococcus kodakarensis. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Thermococcus litoralis. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Thermococcus gorgonarius. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Thermococcus sp. 9° N-7 In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain is an exonuclease domain of Pyrobaculum aerophilum.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an inactivated or reduced-activity exonuclease domain. An inactivated exonuclease domain is a mutated version of a wild-type domain that has less than 50% of the wild-type exonuclease activity. In some embodiments, the inactivated domain has less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the wild-type exonuclease activity. In some embodiments, the inactivated domain has less than 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.02%, or 0.01% of the wild-type exonuclease activity. A reduced-activity exonuclease domain is a mutated version of a wild-type domain that has less than 10% of the wild-type exonuclease activity. Measurement of exonuclease activity is described, for example, in DNA Replication 2nd, edition, by Kornberg and Baker, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, N.Y. 1991. Examples of exo⁻ DNA polymerase mutants include those with a single mutation in Motif I and/or II (Motifs are as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,921,043, e.g., at FIG. 2), or a double mutation in Motif I (such as D141A and E143A, the position numbering corresponds to Pfu polymerase, SEQ ID NO: 1), that reportedly abolishes detectible exonuclease activity (see for example, VENT® (Thermococcus litoralis) (Kong et al. J. Biol. Chem. 268(3):1965-1975) (New England Biolabs, Inc. (NEB), Ipswich, Mass.); Thermococcus JDF-3 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,273, U.S. 2005/0069908); KODI (Thermococcus kodakaraensis) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,025); Pfu (Pyrococcus furiosus) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,489,523, 7,704,712, 7,659,100); and 9° N (Thermococcus sp.) (U.S. 2005/0123940 and Southworth et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5281-5285 (1996)); see also U.S. Pat. No. 8,921,043. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain has a D141A, E143A, D215A, D315A, D141A/E143A, D141A/D315A, E143A/D315A, D215A/D315A, or D141A/E143A/D315A mutation. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain has an A, N, S, T, or E residue at the position corresponding to position 141 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain has an A at the position corresponding to position 141 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the exonuclease domain has an A at the position corresponding to position 143 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at the position of the family B polymerase catalytic domain amino acid sequence that aligns to position 25 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a serine. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at the position of the family B polymerase catalytic domain amino acid sequence that corresponds to position 25 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a serine. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises:

(a) the consecutive amino acid residues LDFRS (SEQ ID NO: 94), (b) the consecutive amino acid residues FRSLY (SEQ ID NO: 95), or (c) the consecutive amino acid residues SLYPS (SEQ ID NO: 96), wherein the underlined serine residue is within 30 amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises: (a) the consecutive amino acid residues LDFRS* (SEQ ID NO: 94), (b) the consecutive amino acid residues FRS*LY (SEQ ID NO: 95), or (c) the consecutive amino acid residues S*LYPS (SEQ ID NO: 96), wherein the serine residue immediately followed by an asterisk is within 30 amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain. The asterisk is included solely to designate the serine that is within 30 amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain and does not signify a structural difference. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the residue immediately preceding the conserved tyrosine shown as the second residue in the multiple sequence alignment in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position immediately preceding the position corresponding to the first tyrosine in SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position that aligns to position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position corresponding to the position immediately preceding a tyrosine selected from the tyrosines shown as the second residues in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position immediately preceding the position that aligns to a tyrosine selected from the tyrosines shown as the second residues in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain is the position immediately preceding the position corresponding to a tyrosine selected from the tyrosines shown as the second residues in FIG. 12. The N-terminal residue in any of the foregoing embodiments can be a serine. The N-terminal residue in any of the foregoing embodiments can be a threonine. The N-terminal residue in any of the foregoing embodiments can be a glycine. The N-terminal residue in any of the foregoing embodiments can be a proline.

As will be apparent from various aspects of the discussion above, family B polymerases are well-characterized in general and are known to tolerate mutations at a number of positions. Furthermore, the following is a non-exhaustive list of patents and published applications that discuss mutations in family B polymerases and the properties of mutated family B polymerases: U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,435,775; 8,557,554; WO2007/016702; US 2003/0180741; WO 2004/011605; WO 2003/060144; and U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,633. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will understand in view of this disclosure that the residues discussed herein such as the neutral amino acid at the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 can be incorporated into a wide variety of thermophilic family B polymerases and can be accompanied by other amino acid residues that differ from wild-type residues. Thus, in some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least one difference from SEQ ID NO: 1 at a position corresponding to position 15, 72, 93, 141, 143, 247, 265, 337, 385, 387, 388, 399, 400, 405, 407, 410, 485, 542, 546, 593, or 595 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence comprising at least one missing residue corresponding to position 92, 93, 94, or 381 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference or missing residue is in the exonuclease domain. In some embodiments, the at least one difference or missing residue is in the polymerase catalytic domain.

In some embodiments, the polymerase with the at least one difference or missing residue has an expanded substrate range relative to a polymerase without the difference or in which the residue is not missing. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a G or D at the position corresponding to position 400 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an I at the position corresponding to position 407 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an I at the position corresponding to position 337 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a D at the position corresponding to position 399 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an H at the position corresponding to position 546 of SEQ ID NO: 91.

In some embodiments, the polymerase with the at least one difference or missing residue incorporates a nucleotide analog to a greater extent than a polymerase without the difference or in which the residue is not missing. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an L at the position corresponding to position 410 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a T at the position corresponding to position 485 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the polymerase with the at least one difference or missing residue has reduced uracil sensitivity relative to a polymerase without the difference or in which the residue is not missing. In some embodiments, the at least one missing residue comprises a missing residue at the position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one missing residue comprises a missing residue at the position corresponding to position 94 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one missing residue comprises a missing residue at the position corresponding to position 92 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a Q, R, E, A, K, N, or G at the position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a Q or R at the position corresponding to position 93 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, an at least one difference or missing residue as discussed above in this paragraph is accompanied by at least one difference or missing residue that offsets a loss of activity. In some embodiments, the at least one difference that offsets a loss of activity comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 247 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference that offsets a loss of activity comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 265 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference that offsets a loss of activity comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 485 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one missing residue that offsets a loss of activity comprises a missing residue at the position corresponding to position 381 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 247 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 265 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 485 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one missing residue comprises a missing residue at the position corresponding to position 381 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an I at the position corresponding to position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an R at the position corresponding to position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the polymerase with the at least one difference or missing residue has an altered proofreading spectrum relative to a polymerase without the difference or in which the residue is not missing. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a P or S at the position corresponding to position 387 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an E at the position corresponding to position 405 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an F at the position corresponding to position 410 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a P at the position corresponding to position 542 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a T at the position corresponding to position 593 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises an S at the position corresponding to position 595 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a Q, S, N, L, or H at the position corresponding to position 385 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the at least one difference comprises a P at the position corresponding to position 388 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 14, 19 to 22, 27 to 30, and 76 to 79. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 77. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 78. In some embodiments, the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 79.

In some embodiments, the polymerase comprises an affinity purification tag. In some embodiments, the affinity purification tag comprises a sequence of histidines, such as 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 consecutive histidines (SEQ ID NO: 97). The affinity purification tag can be located, e.g., at the N or C terminus of a polypeptide of the polymerase.

Hot Start Enzymes and Compositions

In some embodiments, a polymerase according to this disclosure is provided as a hot-start enzyme or a hot start composition. For discussion of hot-start enzymes and/or compositions, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,338,671; 7,074,556; US Publication 2015/0044683; US Publication 2014/0099644. As used herein, the term “hot start” generally refers to a means of limiting the availability of an essential reaction component (e.g., a polymerase) when the reaction mixture is maintained at a first temperature (typically a lower temperature) until a second temperature (typically a higher temperature) is reached which allows the essential component to participate in the reaction. Hot start reactions typically involve incubation at a first (e.g., lower) temperature and subsequent elevation to a second (e.g., higher) temperature which allows the desired reaction to take place. Activation of the hot start reaction is preferably achieved by an incubation at a temperature which is equal to or higher than the primer hybridization (annealing) temperature used in the amplification reaction to ensure primer binding specificity. The length of incubation required to recover enzyme activity depends on the temperature and pH of the reaction mixture and on the stability of the enzyme. A wide range of incubation conditions are usable; optimal conditions may be determined empirically for each reaction.

As used herein, the term “dual hot start reaction mixture” refers to the combination of reagents or reagent solutions which are used to block nucleic acid polymerase extension at low temperatures (e.g., ambient temperature) until the hot start conditions of the initial denaturation temperature in an amplification reaction (e.g., PCR) are reached. At the elevated amplification temperature, the nucleic acid polymerase is no longer inhibited and allows for primer extension. As used herein, the dual hot start reaction mixture is meant to include a reaction mixture that comprises at least two different mechanisms for hot start. Accordingly, “dual hot start reaction mixtures” may include more than two hot start mechanisms (e.g., “triple hot start reaction mixture”, “quadruple hot start reaction mixture”, “quintuple hot start reaction mixture”, and so on).

Nonlimiting exemplary hot start mechanisms include, but are not limited to, antibodies or combinations of antibodies that block nucleic acid polymerase activity at lower temperatures and which dissociate from the polymerase at elevated temperatures (see, e.g., Eastlund et al., LifeSci. Quarterly 2:2 (2001), Mizuguchi et al., J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 126:762 (1999)); affibodies (small synthetic protein molecules that have high binding affinity for a target protein) or combinantions of affibodies, sometimes referred to as antibody mimetics; oligonucleotides that block nucleic acid polymerase activity at lower temperatures and which dissociate from the polymerase at elevated temperatures (see, e.g., Dang et al., J. Mol. Biol. 264:268 (1996)); reversible chemical modification of the nucleic acid polymerase such that the nucleic acid polymerase activity is blocked at lower temperatures and the modifications reverse or dissociate at elevated temperatures (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,258 and Moretti et al., Biotechniques 25:716 (1998)); amino acid mutations of the nucleic acid polymerase that provide reduced activity at lower temperatures (see, e.g., Kermekchiev et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 31:6139 (2003)); nucleic acid polymerase fusion proteins including hyperstable DNA binding domains and topoisomerases (see, e.g., Pavlov et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:13510 (2002)); ligands that inhibit the nucleic acid polymerase in a temperature-dependent manner (for example, HotMaster™ Taq DNA polymerase from Eppendorf (Hauppauge, N.Y.) and 5 PRIME (Gaithersburg, Md.)); single-stranded binding proteins that sequester primers at low temperatures (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0138878); thermostable pyrophosphatase which hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate at elevated temperatures (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0057617); thermolabile blockers, such as a polymerase blocking protein (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0009922); primer competitor sequences (see, e.g., Puskas et al., Genome Res. 5:309 (1995) and Vestheim et al., Front. Zool. 5:12 (2008)); modified primer constructs (see, e.g., Ailenberg et al., Biotechniques 29:22 (2000) and Kaboev et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 28:E94 (2000)); modified primers that improve hybridization selectivity (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,142 and 6,001,611); primers with 3′ modifications that are removable by 3′-5′ exonuclease activity (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0119150 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,590); primers with modified nucleobases that are removable by UV irradiation (see, e.g., Young et al., Chem. Commun. (Camb) 28:462 (2008)); primer modifications that are removable by thermal deprotection (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0162199 and Lebedev et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 36:e131 (2008)); or modification of the dNTPs with thermolabile modification groups (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0162199 and Koukhareva et al., Nucl. Acids Symp. Ser. (Oxford), 259 (2008)). Agents that are used as hot start mechanisms, such as antibodies, oligonucleotides, affibodies, chemical modifications, etc., may be referred to as “hot start inhibitors.”

In some embodiments, the hot start composition comprises an antibody specific for the polymerase. In some embodiments, the hot start composition comprises an antibody specific for the polymerase, which is bound to the polymerase. In some embodiments, the hot start composition comprises an inhibitor specific for the polymerase, which is bound to the polymerase. In some embodiments, the inhibitor comprises an Affibody®. Affibodies are described, e.g., in US Publication 2012/0082981; see also Nord et al., 2000, J Biotechnol. 80: 45-54; U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,977; Nygren, 2008, FEBS J. 275: 2668-2676; Nord et al., 1997, 15: 772-777; U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,012. In some embodiments, the inhibitor comprises an oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the inhibitor comprises a chemical modification.

As used herein, dual hot start reaction mixtures comprising “at least two different mechanisms” encompass those reaction mixtures that may comprise at least two different hot start mechanisms that function similarly or use similar components. For example, dual hot start reaction mixtures can comprise reagents or reagent solutions designed for two different antibody-based hot start mechanisms, or two different oligonucleotide-based hot start mechanisms, or one antibody-based and one oligonucleotide-based hot start mechanism, or one antibody-based and one chemical modification-based hot start mechanism, or any such combination available.

Hot Start Antibodies and Methods of Making Same

In some embodiments, a hot start composition or dual hot start composition comprises an antibody inhibitor of a thermostable polymerase described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

Methods for producing and screening for antibodies that are suitable for use in hot start compositions with the polymerases described herein are known in the art. In some embodiments, a hot start antibody inhibits the nucleic acid synthesis activity of the thermostable polymerase described herein. In some embodiments, a hot start antibody inhibits exonuclease activity of the thermostable polymerase. In some embodiments, a hot start antibody inhibits both the nucleic acid synthesis activity and the exonuclease activity of the thermostable polymerase.

In some embodiments, hot-start antibodies increase the specificity of nucleic acid synthesis reactions, because they inactivate the polymerase at room temperature, thus avoiding extension of nonspecifically hybridized primers. The functional activity of the polymerase is restored by disassociating the antibody from the polymerase, for example, by incubating the composition at a higher temperature. In some embodiment, the “higher temperature” is from about 65° C. to about 99° C., from about 70° C. to about 99° C., 75° C. to about 99° C., or from about 80° C. to about 99° C., or from about 85° C. to about 99° C., or from about 90° C. to about 99° C., for a time period of at least 15 seconds, or at least 30 seconds, or at least 1 minute, or at least 90 seconds, or at least 2 minutes; to about 3 minutes, or about 4 minutes, or about 5 minutes, or about 7 minutes, or about 10 minutes, or more. In some embodiments, the higher temperature is at least 60° C., at least 65° C., at least 70° C., at least 75° C., at least 80° C., or at least 85° C. In some embodiments, the temperature and duration of incubation to disassociate the antibody and activate the polymerase may be determined for the particular polymerase and antibody to be employed.

Methods for screening for antibodies of use in the present invention include methods known in the art, such as affinity-based ELISA assays, as well as functional assays for polymerase and/or exonuclease inhibition. For such functional assays, the amount of DNA produced or digested per unit of time can be correlated to the activity of the polymerase or exonuclease used, thus providing an estimate of the amount of inhibition a particular antibody can exert on either or both the polymerase and exonuclease activity of the polymerase.

Antibodies may be produced using any method known in the art. As a non-limiting example, an antibody to a particular antigen (such as a polymerase described herein) may be produced by immunizing an animal (such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, goat, sheep, horse, etc.) with the antigen and isolating antibodies from the serum of the animal and/or immortalizing primary B cells from the animal to produce hybridomas that express the antibodies. Phage display technology may also be used to produce antibodies that bind to the polymerases described herein. Phage display libraries are commercially available and methods of selecting antibodies from such libraries are known in the art. See, e.g., Vaughan et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology, 14:309-314; Sheets et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 95:6157-6162; Hoogenboom and Winter, 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381; Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581.

Exemplary Assays to Determine Polymerase Processivity, Yield, Sensitivity, and Specificity

Polymerase processivity may be measured using various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, processivity refers to the number of nucleotides incorporated during a single binding event of polymerase to a primed template. As a nonlimiting example, a detectably labeled primer may be annealed to circular or linearized DNA to form a primed nucleic acid template. In measuring processivity, the primed nucleic acid template may be present in significant molar excess to the polymerase to reduce the likelihood that any one primed template will be extended more than once by a polymerase. A “significant molar excess” may be, for example, a ratio of 500:1, or 1000:1, or 2000:1, or 4000:1, or 5000:1 (primed DNA:DNA polymerase), etc., in the presence of suitable buffers and dNTPs. Nucleic acid synthesis may be initiated by adding, for example, MgCl₂. Nucleic acid synthesis reactions are quenched at various times after initiation, and analyzed by any appropriate method to determine the length of the product. At a polymerase concentration where the median product length does not change with time or polymerase concentration, the length corresponds to the processivity of the enzyme. In some embodiments, the processivity of a polymerase described, such as a polymerase comprising a neutral amino acid at position corresponding to position 762 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be compared to the processivity of the same polymerase without the neutral amino acid mutation.

In some embodiments, yield can be demonstrated by measuring the ability of a polymerase to produce product. Increased yield can be demonstrated by determining the amount of product obtained in a reaction using a polymerase described herein (such as a polymerase comprising a neutral amino acid at position corresponding to position 762 of SEQ ID NO: 1), as compared to the amount of product obtained in a reaction carried out under the same reaction conditions, but with the same polymerase without the neutral amino acid mutation.

In some embodiments, long PCR may be used to determine enhanced processivity and yield. For example, an enzyme with enhanced processivity typically allows the amplification of a longer amplicons (>5 kb) in shorter extension times compared to an enzyme with relatively lower processivity.

Other methods of assessing efficiency of the polymerases of the invention can be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art using standard assays of the enzymatic activity of a given modification enzyme.

The sensitivity of a polymerase described herein may be determined by measuring the yield of nucleic acid synthesis product in a series of reactions with differing copy numbers of nucleic acid template. In some embodiments, the template copy number at which a polymerase of the invention (such as a polymerase comprising a neutral amino acid at position corresponding to position 762 of SEQ ID NO: 1) produces detectable product is compared to the template copy number at which the same polymerase without the neutral amino acid mutation produces detectable product. The lower the template copy number at which the polymerase produces detectable product, the more sensitive the polymerase.

In some embodiments, specificity of a polymerase may be measured by determining the ability of the polymerase to discriminate between matched primer/template duplexes and mismatched primer/template duplexes. In some embodiments, specificity is a measure of the difference in the relative yield of two reactions, one of which employs a matched primer, and one of which employs a mismatched primer. In some embodiments, an enzyme with increased discrimination will have a higher relative yield with the matched primer than with the mismatched primer. In some embodiments, a ratio of the yield with the matched primer versus the mismatched primer is determined. In some embodiments, the ratio can be compared to the yield obtained under the same reaction conditions using the parental polymerase.

DNA Synthesis Methods; Kits, Compositions, Systems, and Apparatuses.

Provided herein are methods of synthesizing or amplifying DNA and related kits, compositions, systems, and apparatuses involving at least one polymerase according to this disclosure. In some embodiments, reagents for nucleic acid synthesis are provided. In some embodiments, reagents for nucleic acid synthesis include any one or any combination of target polynucleotides, particles attached with capture primers, solution-phase primers, fusion primers, other additional primers, enzymes (e.g., polymerases), accessory proteins (e.g., recombinase, recombinase loading protein, single-stranded binding protein. helicase or topoisomerase), nucleotides, divalent cations, binding partners, co-factors and/or buffer. In some embodiments, reagents for nucleic acid synthesis include a dUTPase as an accessory protein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to compositions, as well as related systems, methods, kits and apparatuses, comprising one or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the compositions (and related methods, systems, kits and apparatuses) includes one type, or a mixture of different types of nucleotides. A nucleotide comprises any compound that can bind selectively to, or can be polymerized by, a polymerase. Typically, but not necessarily, selective binding of the nucleotide to the polymerase is followed by polymerization of the nucleotide into a nucleic acid strand by the polymerase. Such nucleotides include not only naturally occurring nucleotides but also any analogs, regardless of their structure, that can bind selectively to, or can be polymerized by, a polymerase. While naturally occurring nucleotides typically comprise base, sugar and phosphate moieties, the nucleotides of the present disclosure can include compounds lacking any one, some or all of such moieties. In some embodiments, the nucleotide can optionally include a chain of phosphorus atoms comprising three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more phosphorus atoms. In some embodiments, the phosphorus chain can be attached to any carbon of a sugar ring, such as the 5′ carbon. The phosphorus chain can be linked to the sugar with an intervening O or S. In some embodiments, one or more phosphorus atoms in the chain can be part of a phosphate group having P and O. In some embodiments, the phosphorus atoms in the chain can be linked together with intervening O, NH, S, methylene, substituted methylene, ethylene, substituted ethylene, CNH2, C(O), C(CH2), CH2CH2, or C(OH)CH2R (where R can be a 4-pyridine or 1-imidazole). In some embodiments, the phosphorus atoms in the chain can have side groups having O, BH3, or S. In the phosphorus chain, a phosphorus atom with a side group other than O can be a substituted phosphate group. In the phosphorus chain, phosphorus atoms with an intervening atom other than O can be a substituted phosphate group. Some examples of nucleotide analogs are described in Xu, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,281.

Some examples of nucleotides that can be used in the disclosed compositions (and related methods, systems, kits and apparatuses) include, but are not limited to, ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, modified ribonucleotides, modified deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotide polyphosphates, deoxyribonucleotide polyphosphates, modified ribonucleotide polyphosphates, modified deoxyribonucleotide polyphosphates, peptide nucleotides, modified peptide nucleotides, metallonucleosides, phosphonate nucleosides, and modified phosphate-sugar backbone nucleotides, analogs, derivatives, or variants of the foregoing compounds, and the like. In some embodiments, the nucleotide can comprise non-oxygen moieties such as, for example, thio- or borano- moieties, in place of the oxygen moiety bridging the alpha phosphate and the sugar of the nucleotide, or the alpha and beta phosphates of the nucleotide, or the beta and gamma phosphates of the nucleotide, or between any other two phosphates of the nucleotide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a nucleotide can include a purine or pyrimidine base, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil or inosine. In some embodiments, a nucleotide includes dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP and dUTP.

In some embodiments, the nucleotide is unlabeled. In some embodiments, the nucleotide comprises a label and referred to herein as a “labeled nucleotide”. In some embodiments, the label can be in the form of a fluorescent dye attached to any portion of a nucleotide including a base, sugar or any intervening phosphate group or a terminal phosphate group, i.e., the phosphate group most distal from the sugar.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to compositions, as well as related systems, methods, kits and apparatuses, comprising any one or any combination of capture primers, reverse solution-phase primers, fusion primers, target polynucleotides and/or nucleotides that are non-labeled or attached to at least one label. In some embodiments, the label comprises a detectable moiety. In some embodiments, the label can generate, or cause to generate, a detectable signal. In some embodiments, the detectable signal can be generated from a chemical or physical change (e.g., heat, light, electrical, pH, salt concentration, enzymatic activity, or proximity events). For example, a proximity event can include two reporter moieties approaching each other, or associating with each other, or binding each other. In some embodiments, the detectable signal can be detected optically, electrically, chemically, enzymatically, thermally, or via mass spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the label can include compounds that are luminescent, photoluminescent, electroluminescent, bioluminescent, chemiluminescent, fluorescent, phosphorescent or electrochemical. In some embodiments, the label can include compounds that are fluorophores, chromophores, radioisotopes, haptens, affinity tags, atoms or enzymes. In some embodiments, the label comprises a moiety not typically present in naturally occurring nucleotides. For example, the label can include fluorescent, luminescent or radioactive moieties.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid synthesis reaction includes a cycled amplification reaction, such as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 both granted to Mullis). Multiple examples of PCR according to this disclosure are provided below. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid synthesis reaction includes an isothermal reaction, such as an isothermal self-sustained sequence reaction (Kwoh 1989 Proceedings National Academy of Science USA 86:1173-1177; WO 1988/10315; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,818, 5,399,491, and 5,194,370), or a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,414 to Zarling, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,273,881 and 5,670,316 both to Sena, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,270,981, 7,399,590, 7,435,561, 7,666,598, 7,763,427, 8,017,339, 8,030,000, 8,062,850, and 8,071,308).

PCR is a nucleic acid synthesis reaction in which the reaction mixture is subjected to reaction cycles, each reaction cycle comprising a denaturation period and at least one annealing and/or extension period, resulting if successful in synthesis of copies of a nucleic acid template in at least the initial cycles, and copies of the copies in at least the later cycles, generally resulting in exponential amplification of the template. In PCR, in some instances, a pair of primers are provided that bind at each end of a target region, on opposite strands such that they each prime synthesis toward the other primer. The reaction is thermocycled so as to drive denaturation of the substrate in a high temperature step, annealing of the primers at a lower temperature step, and extension at a temperature which may be but is not necessarily higher than that of the annealing step. Exponential amplification occurs because the products of one cycle can serve as template in the next cycle.

An embodiment of isothermal self-sustained sequence reaction, also sometimes referred to as transcription-mediated amplification or TMA, involves synthesizing single-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA. The single-stranded RNA is a first template for a first primer, the single-stranded DNA is a second template for a second primer, and the double stranded DNA is a third template for synthesis of a plurality of copies of the first template. A sequence of the first primer or the second primer is complementary to a sequence of a target nucleic acid and a sequence of the first primer or the second primer is homologous to a sequence of the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment of an isothermal self-sustained sequence reaction, a first cDNA strand is synthesized by extension of the first primer along the target by an enzyme with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, such as a reverse transcriptase. The first primer can comprise a polymerase binding sequence (PBS) such as a PBS for a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, such as T7, T3, or SP6 RNA polymerase. The first primer comprising a PBS is sometimes referred to as a promoter-primer. The first cDNA strand is rendered single-stranded, such as by denaturation or by degradation of the RNA, such as by an RNase H. The second primer then anneals to the first cDNA strand and is extended to form a second cDNA strand by a DNA polymerase activity. Forming the second cDNA strand renders the cDNA double-stranded, including the PBS. RNA can then be synthesized from the cDNA, which comprises the PBS, by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, such as T7, T3, or SP6 RNA polymerase, thereby providing a template for further events (extension of the first primer, rendering the product single-stranded, extension of the second primer, and RNA synthesis). Exponential amplification occurs because the RNA product can subsequently serve as a template and also because RNA products can be generated repeatedly from a cDNA comprising the PBS.

An embodiment of RPA can be performed isothermally and employs a recombinase to promote strand invasion of a double-stranded template by forward and reverse primers. The 3′ ends of the primers are extended, displacing template strands at least in part. Subsequent strand invasion/annealing events, including to previously produced extension products, occur and are followed by extension, resulting in amplification. In some embodiments, recombinase activity is supported by the presence of one or more recombinase accessory proteins, such as a recombinase loading protein and/or single-stranded binding protein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to compositions, and related methods, systems, kits and apparatuses, comprising a nucleic acid synthesis reaction (synthesis condition) that can be conducted under thermocycling or isothermal conditions, or a combination of both types of conditions. For example, the synthesis condition can include alternating between thermocycling and isothermal synthesis conditions, in any order.

In some embodiments thermocycling synthesis conditions comprise a nucleic acid synthesis reaction mixture that is subjected to an elevated temperature for a period of time that is sufficient to denature at least about 30-95% of the double-stranded target nucleic acids, and then subjected to a lower temperature for a period of time that is sufficient to permit hybridization between the single-stranded target nucleic acids and any of the primers (e.g., capture primer, reverse solution-phase primer, or fusion primer). In some embodiments, the increase and decrease temperature cycle is repeated at least once.

In some embodiments isothermal synthesis conditions comprise a nucleic acid synthesis reaction mixture that is subjected to a temperature variation which is constrained within a limited range during at least some portion of the synthesis, including for example a temperature variation is within about 20° C., or about 10° C., or about 5° C., or about 1-5° C., or about 0.1-1° C., or less than about 0.1° C.

In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 120 minutes, or longer. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for at least about 2 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 120 minutes or less. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 2 to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 2 to about 60 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 60 to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 2 to about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 5 to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 10 to about 15 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 10 to about 15 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 10 to about 15 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 15 to about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 20 to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 30 to about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 40 to about 50 minutes. In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted for about 50 to about 60 minutes.

In some embodiments, an isothermal nucleic acid synthesis reaction can be conducted at about 15-30° C., or about 30-45° C., or about 45-60° C., or about 60-75° C., or about 75-90° C., or about 90-93° C., or about 93-99° C.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to methods, and related compositions, systems, kits and apparatuses, that further include an enrichment step. In some embodiments, an enrichment step comprises a pre-amplification reaction. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,815,546 B2. As a nonlimiting example, a pre-amplification reaction may comprise random primers to amplify a portion, even a substantial portion, of the nucleic acid template in a sample. In this manner, the overall amount of nucleic acid template may be increased prior to a sequence-specific nucleic acid synthesis reaction.

In some embodiments, an amplified population of nucleic acids can include an affinity moiety. For example, in conducting any of the nucleic acid synthesis methods according to the present teachings, a solution-phase/reverse primer that is attached to an affinity moiety (e.g., biotin) can be used to conduct a synthesis reaction to produce an amplified population of nucleic acids that are attached to the affinity moiety. In some embodiments, the enrichment step comprises forming a enrichment complex by binding the affinity moiety (which is attached to the amplified population of nucleic acids) with a purification particle (e.g., paramagnetic bead) that is attached to a receptor moiety (e.g., streptavidin). An example of purification particles include MyOne™ Beads from Dynabeads, which are paramagnetic beads attached to streptavidin. In some embodiments, a magnet can be used to separate/remove the enrichment complex from amplified population of nucleic acids that lack the affinity moiety. In some embodiments, the enrichment step can be repeated at least once. In some embodiment, the enrichment step is followed by one or more washing step.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to methods, and related compositions, systems, kits and apparatuses that further include at least one washing step. The washing step can be conducted at any time during the workflow for nucleic acid synthesis. In some embodiments, a washing step can remove excess or unreacted components of the nucleic acid synthesis or enrichment reactions.

In some embodiments, any of the nucleic acid synthesis methods, or enrichment steps, according to the present teachings, can be conducted manually or by automation. In some embodiments, any one or any combination of the steps can be conducted manually or by automation, including: conducting a nucleic acid synthesis reaction, enriching, and/or washing. For example, any reagents for a nucleic acid synthesis, enrichment or washing, can be deposited into, or removed from, a reaction vessel via manual or automated modes.

In various embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising at least one polymerase described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is a hot start composition. In some such embodiments, the composition is a dual hot start composition. In some embodiments, the dual hot start composition comprises at least two different hot start mechanisms that are used to inhibit or substantially inhibit the polymerase activity at a first temperature. Such hot start mechanisms include, but are not limited to, antibodies or combinations of antibodies that block DNA polymerase activity at lower temperatures, antibody mimetics or combinations of antibody mimetics that block DNA polymerase activity at lower temperatures (such as, for example, Affibodies®), oligonucleotides that block DNA polymerase activity at lower temperatures (such as, for example, aptamers), reversible chemical modifications of the DNA polymerase that dissociate at elevated temperatures, amino acid modifications of the DNA polymerase that provide reduced activity at lower temperatures, fusion proteins that include hyperstable DNA binding domains and topoisomerase, other temperature dependent ligands that inhibit the DNA polymerase, single stranded binding proteins that sequester primers at lower temperatures, modified primers or modified dNTPs. Hot start compositions, in some embodiments, comprise at least one polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, at least one hot start antibody, at least one hot start aptamer, and/or at least one hot start Affibody®. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises at least one polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, at least one hot start antibody and at least one hot start aptamer or at least one hot start Affibody®. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises at least one polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, at least one hot start Affibody® and at least one hot start antibody or at least one hot start aptamer. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises a polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, a hot start antibody, and a hot start aptamer or a hot start Affibody®. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises a polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, a hot start Affibody®, and a hot start antibody or a hot start aptamer. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises a polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, a hot start antibody, and a hot start Affibody®. In some embodiments, a hot start composition comprises a polymerase described herein with or without a hot start chemical modification, a hot start antibody, and a hot start aptamer.

In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more detergents, one or more protein stabilizers, and/or at least one UTPase. In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more detergents, one or more protein stabilizers, and at least one UTPase. In some embodiments, a composition comprises at least one monovalent cationic salt, at least one divalent cationic salt, and/or at least one dNTP. In some embodiments, a composition further comprises at least one dye. In some embodiments, a composition comprises additional stabilizers that increase the density of the composition.

Nonlimiting exemplary detergents that may be used in the compositions provided herein include nonionic, ionic (anionic, cationic) and zwitterionic detergents. Exemplary such detergents include, but are not limited to, Hecameg (6-O-(N-Heptylcarbamoyl)-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside), Trition X-200, Brij-58, CHAPS, n-Dodecyl-b-D-maltoside, NP-40, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), TRITON® X-15, TRITON® X-35, TRITON® X-45, TRITON® X-100, TRITON® X-102, TRITON® X-114, TRITON® X-165, TRITON® X-305, TRITON® X-405, TRITON® X-705, Tween® 20 and/or ZWITTERGENT®. Other detergents may also be suitable, as may be determined by one of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7972828B2, U.S. Pat. No. 8,980,333B2 U.S. Publication No. 2008/0145910; U.S. Publication No. 2008/0064071; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,235; 5,871,975; and 6,127,155 for exemplary detergents.

Nonlimiting exemplary protein stabilizers that may be used in the compositions provided herein include BSA, inactive polymerases (such as inactivated Taq polymerase; see, e.g., US Publication No. 2011/0059490), and apotransferrin. Further nonlimiting exemplary stabilizers that may be used in the compositions provided herein include glycerol, trehalose, lactose, maltose, galactose, glucose, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol.

Nonlimiting exemplary UTPases that may be used in the compositions provided herein include UTPases from thermophilic bacteria. See, e.g., PNAS, 2002, 99: 596-601.

Nonlimiting exemplary dyes that may be used in the compositions provided herein include xylene cyanol FF, tartrazine, phenol red, quinoline yellow, zylene cyanol, Brilliant Blue, Patent Blue, indigocarmine, acid red 1, m-cresol purple, cresol red, neutral red, bromocresol green, acid violet 5, bromo phenol blue, and orange G (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,663,925 B2). Additional nonlimiting exemplary dyes are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,964. One skilled in the art will appreciate that any dye that does not inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by the polymerases described herein may be used.

In some embodiments, a storage composition is provided comprising a polymerase provided herein, at least one hot start antibody, at least one protein stabilizer, and at least one UTPase, in a buffer suitable for storage. In some embodiments, a storage composition is provided comprising a polymerase provided herein, at least one hot start antibody, at least one Affibody®, at least one protein stabilizer, and at least one UTPase, in a buffer suitable for storage. In some embodiments, a storage composition is provided comprising a polymerase provided herein, two hot start antibodies, a protein stabilizer, and a UTPase, in a buffer suitable for storage. In some embodiments, the storage buffer comprises a buffering agent (such as Tris HCl), a salt (such as KCl or NaCl), a stabilizer (such as glycerol), a reducing agent (such as DTT), a divalent cation chelating agent (such as EDTA), and a detergent (such as hecameg and/or Triton X-200 and/or NP-40 and/or Tween-20, etc.). In some embodiments, the storage composition comprises 0.5 to 5 units (U), or 0.5 to 3 U, or 1 to 3 U, or 2 U of polymerase per μl. In some embodiments, the storage composition comprises 0.05 to 1 mg/ml, or 0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml, or 0.1 to 0.5 mg/ml, or 0.1 to 0.3 mg/ml of each hot start antibody. In some embodiments, the storage composition comprises 0.1 to 10 mg/ml, or 0.1 to 5 mg/ml, or 0.5 to 5 mg/ml, or 0.5 to 2 mg/ml of each hot start Affibody®. In some embodiments, the storage composition comprises 0.5 to 5 mg/ml, or 1 to 5 mg/ml, or 1 to 3 mg/ml of each protein stabilizer.

In some embodiments, a reaction composition is provided, comprising at least one polymerase described herein, at least one buffering agent (such as Tris HCl), at least one monovalent cationic salt (such as KCl or NaCl), at least one divalent cationic salt (such as MgCl₂ or MnCl₂), at least one detergent (such as hecameg and/or Triton X-200 and/or NP-40 and/or Tween-20, etc.), and at least one dNTP. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP. In some embodiments, the reaction composition further comprises at least one dye. In some embodiments, for example when the composition is to be loaded on a gel, the reaction composition comprises additional stabilizers that increase the density of the composition, such as polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG 4000) and/or sucrose. PEG 4000 may be included, in some embodiments, at a concentration of 0.5-2%, or about 1%; and sucrose may be included, in some embodiments, at a concentration of 1-5%, or 1-3%, or about 2% (or 2-10%, or 2-6%, or about 4% for a 2× reaction composition). In some embodiments, the buffering agent (such as Tris HCl) is present at a concentration of 5-50 mM, or 5-30 mM, or 5-20 mM (or 10-100 mM, or 10-60 mM, or 10-40 mM for a 2× reaction composition). In some embodiments, the monovalent cation (such as K+ or Na+) is present at a concentration of 50-300 mM, or 50-200 mM, or 75-150 mM, or about 110 mM (or 100-600 mM, or 100-400 mM, or 150-300 mM, or about 220 mM for a 2× reaction composition). In some embodiments, a detergent (such as hecameg and/or Triton X-200 and/or NP-40 and/or Tween-20, etc.) is present at a concentration of 0.05-0.3%, or 0.1-0.2%, or about 0.15% (or 0.01-0.6%, or 0.2-0.4%, or about 0.3% for a 2× reaction composition). In some embodiments, the Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ is present at a concentration of 0.5-5 mM, or 0.5-3 mM, or about 1.5 mM (or 1-10 mM, or 1-6 mM, or about 3 mM for a 2× reaction composition). In some embodiments, each dNTP is present at a concentration of 0.05-1 mM, or 0.1-0.8 mM, or 0.1-0.6 mM, or 0.1-0.4 mM, or about 0.2 mM (or 0.1-2 mM, or 0.2-1.6 mM, or 0.2-1.2 mM, or 0.2-0.8 mM, or about 0.4 mM for a 2× reaction composition).

PCR enhancing factors may also be used to improve efficiency of the amplification. As used herein, a “PCR enhancing factor” or a “Polymerase Enhancing Factor” (PEF) refers to a complex or protein possessing polynucleotide polymerase enhancing activity (Hogrefe et al., 1997, Strategies 10:93-96; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,997, both of which are hereby incorporated by references). For Pfu DNA polymerase, for example, PEF may comprise either P45 in native form (as a complex of P50 and P45) or as a recombinant protein. In the native complex of Pfu P50 and P45, only P45 exhibits PCR enhancing activity. The P50 protein is similar in structure to a bacterial flavoprotein. The P45 protein is similar in structure to dCTP deaminase and dUTPase, but it functions only as a dUTPase converting dUTP to dUMP and pyrophosphate. PEF, according to the present disclosure, may also be selected from the group consisting of: an isolated or purified naturally occurring polymerase enhancing protein obtained from an archaeabacteria source (e.g., Pyrococcus furiosus); a wholly or partially synthetic protein having the same amino acid sequence as Pfu P45, or analogs thereof possessing polymerase enhancing activity; polymerase-enhancing mixtures of one or more of said naturally occurring or wholly or partially synthetic proteins; polymerase-enhancing protein complexes of one or more of said naturally occurring or wholly or partially synthetic proteins; or polymerase-enhancing partially purified cell extracts containing one or more of said naturally occurring proteins (U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,997, supra).

In some embodiments, a reaction composition further comprises ingredients that enhance nucleic acid synthesis from high GC-content templates. In some such embodiments, the reaction composition comprises glycerol, DMSO, and/or ammonium sulphate. In some embodiments, the reaction composition comprises glycerol, DMSO, and ammonium sulphate. In some embodiments, glycerol is present in the reaction composition at a concentration of 5-20%, or 5-15%, or about 10%. In some embodiments, DMSO is present in the reaction composition at a concentration of 1-10%, or 3-10%, or 3-7%, or about 5%. In some embodiments, ammonium sulphate is present in the reaction composition at 10-50 mM, or 15-40 mM, or 20-30 mM, or about 25 mM.

In some embodiments, a reaction composition is provided at 2×, 5×, 10×, etc. concentration, in which case, the concentrations discussed herein are multiplied (e.g., as noted above; doubled for 2×). A 2× reaction composition is typically diluted by 2-fold, for example, when the template nucleic acid and/or primers are added to the composition.

In some embodiments, a reaction composition comprises nucleic acid template and at least one primer for nucleic acid synthesis. In some embodiments, each primer is included in the reaction composition at a concentration of 0.1-0.8 μM, or 0.1-0.5 μM, or 0.2-0.4 μM, or about 0.3 μM. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the template nucleic acid may be provided at a wide range of concentrations, which lower limit, in some embodiments, may be determined by the sensitivity of the polymerase.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one PCR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the PCR inhibitor comprises xylan, heparin, humic acid, or SDS. In some embodiments, methods according to the disclosure comprise amplifying DNA in the presence of at least one PCR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the PCR inhibitor comprises xylan. In some embodiments, the PCR inhibitor comprises heparin.

In various embodiments, the composition may be an aqueous composition. In various embodiments, the composition may be a lyophilized composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a cryoprotectant and/or a preservative and/or other additives known to those skilled in the art. Nonlimiting exemplary cryoprotectants and preservatives include, for example, the stabilizers and reducing agents described herein.

Nucleic Acids; Vectors; Host Cells; Methods of Production and/or Purification.

Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a polymerase according to this disclosure. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a promoter for a bacteriophage RNA polymerase, such as a T7 promoter. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is codon-optimized for expression in a host cell, such as a microorganism, e.g., a bacterium, such as E. coli.

Also provided herein are vectors comprising any of the nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a polymerase according to this disclosure discussed above. In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector. In some embodiments, the vector contains a selectable marker. In some embodiments, the vector is capable of being propagated in a microorganism, e.g., a bacterium, such as E. coli.

Also provided herein are host cells comprising any of the nucleic acids comprising a sequence encoding a polymerase according to this disclosure discussed above. Also provided herein are host cells comprising any of the vectors comprising a sequence encoding a polymerase according to this disclosure discussed above. In some embodiments, the host cell is a microorganism, e.g., a bacterium, such as E. coli. In some embodiments, the host cell further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a heterologous RNA polymerase. In some embodiments, the heterologous RNA polymerase is a bacteriophage RNA polymerase, such as bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. In some embodiments, the heterologous RNA polymerase is operably linked to a promoter, such as an inducible promoter, e.g., a lac-inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the host cell is of a protease-deficient strain. In some embodiments, the host cell is E. coli BL-21. In some embodiments, the host cell, such as BL-21, is modified to carry tRNA genes encoding tRNAs with rarer anticodons (for example, argU, ileY, leuW, and proL tRNA genes).

Also provided herein are methods of producing and/or purifying a polymerase according to this disclosure. In some embodiments, such a method comprises culturing at least one host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a thermophilic DNA polymerase according to this disclosure, wherein the at least one host cell expresses the thermophilic DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, such a method comprises isolating a polymerase according to this disclosure from host cells that have expressed the polymerase. In some embodiments, the isolating comprises lysing the host cells. In some embodiments, the isolating comprises heat treatment to denature host proteins. In some embodiments, denatured host proteins are removed, e.g., by centrifugation. In some embodiments, the polymerase is purified via chromatography. Examples of procedures for purifying DNA polymerases are provided, e.g., in Lawyer et al. (1993, PCR Meth. & App. 2: 275) (designed originally for the isolation of Taq polymerase) and Kong et al. (1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 1965) (involving a heat denaturation step of host proteins, and two column purification steps over DEAE-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose columns).

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain disclosed embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure in any way.

Example 1 Tolerance of Inhibitors by a Thermophilic DNA Polymerase According to the Disclosure

The inhibitor resistance of a thermophilic DNA polymerase with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 (including a Q at position 762) (762Q polymerase) was compared to a version with a K at position 762 (762K polymerase) by amplifying PCR fragments in the presence of various amounts of polymerase inhibitors. The performance of a thermophilic DNA polymerase with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 (including a Q at position 762 and S at position 408) (408S 762Q polymerase) was compared to a version with a K at position 762 (408S 762K polymerase) by amplifying PCR fragments in the presence of various amounts of polymerase inhibitors.

Heparin. A 2 kb fragment was amplified from 20 ng of human genomic DNA template in 20 μl PCR reactions in the presence of 0 to 0.3 μM of heparin using the thermophilic DNA polymerases (FIG. 1). Primers with the following sequences were used:

GAAGAGCCAAGGACAGGTAC (SEQ ID NO: 64) (forward);

CCTCCAAATCAAGCCTCTAC (SEQ ID NO: 65) (reverse). The PCR program was as follows:

98° C. for 30 s:

repeat 30 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   60° C. for 10 s;     -   72° C. for 1 min         72° C. for 5 min.

Products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with Ethidium bromide. Detectable product was observed at up to 0.25 μM heparin for the 762Q polymerase and 0.15 μM for 408S 762Q polymerase. Products were not detected at or above 0.1 μM heparin for the 762K and 408S 762K polymerases.

Xylan. A 2 kb fragment was amplified from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in 20 μl PCR reactions in the presence of 0 to 400 ng/μl xylan using the thermophilic DNA polymerases (FIG. 2). The primers, PCR program, and product detection were as described above with respect to heparin.

Detectable product was observed at up to 400 ng/μl xylan for the 762Q polymerase. Products were not detected at 400 ng/μl xylan for the 762K polymerases.

Humic acid. A 2 kb fragment was amplified from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in 20 μl PCR mixture in the presence of 0 to 1.0 ng/ml of humic acid using a thermophilic DNA polymerase with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 (including a Q at position 762) was compared to a version with a K at position 762 (FIG. 3). Primers, the PCR program, and product detection were as described above with respect to heparin.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate. A 2 kb fragment was amplified from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in 20 μl PCR mixture in the presence of 0 to 0.016% or 0.2% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using the 762Q or 762K polymerases (FIG. 4). The primers, PCR program, and product detection were as described above with respect to heparin.

Thus, increased inhibitor tolerance was observed for the polymerases with a Q at position 762.

Example 2 Yield and Sensitivity of PCR with a Thermophilic DNA Polymerase According to the Disclosure

The PCR performance (sensitivity and yield) of the 762Q and 762K polymerases discussed in Example 1 were compared by amplifying PCR fragments from various amounts of DNA template.

Sensitivity. A 2 kb fragment was amplified from a series of amounts of human genomic DNA template between 0 and 400 ng in a 20 μl PCR mixture using the thermophilic DNA polymerases (FIG. 5). The primers and the PCR program were the same as those used in Example 1. Products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained as in Example 1.

The results showed that the reaction with the 762Q polymerase had higher sensitivity (amplification from lower amounts of template DNA) than with the 762K polymerase, and the reaction with the 408S 762Q polymerase had higher sensitivity than with the 408S 762K polymerase.

Yield. A 10 kb fragment was amplified from a series of amounts of phage lambda DNA template between 0 and 200 ng in a 20 μl PCR mixture using the thermophilic DNA polymerases. The primers were: CAGTGCAGTGCTTGATAACAGG (SEQ ID NO: 66) (forward) and GTAGTGCGCGTTTGATTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 67) (reverse). The PCR program was:

98° C. for 30 s;

repeat 25 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   60° C. for 15 s;     -   72° C. for 150 s;         72° C. for 10 s.

Products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained as in Example 1. The results from two experiments showed that the reaction sensitivity (amplification from lower amounts of template DNA) was similar for all the polymerases (FIG. 6A), while the 762Q polymerase showed the highest yield (140% from the 762K polymerase) amplifying the 10 kb fragment from 0.5 ng of the template (FIG. 6B).

Example 3 Fidelity of Thermophilic DNA Polymerases According to the Disclosure

Polymerase fidelity was measured by next generation sequencing. Fragmented E. coli DNA (˜300 bp) was amplified by Taq polymerase, 762K polymerase, 762Q polymerase, 408S 762K polymerase and 408S 762Q polymerase. The number of effective PCR cycles was found by qPCR. The amplified libraries were subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing together with control E. coli PCR-free libraries. The polymerase error rates were calculated using bioinformatics techniques. The background level of experimental errors was estimated from PCR-free library sequencing data. The polymerase introduced errors were identified as nucleotide changes in both pair-end reads, while nucleotide changes in only pair-end one read have been treated as instrumental errors and were eliminated. The polymerase fidelities (1/error rate) were normalized to the fidelity of Taq polymerase, which fidelity value is indicated as 1×.

The fidelity of the 762K polymerase was ˜50× of the Taq polymerase, the 762Q polymerase also showed similar fidelity (Table 1). The error rates for the 408S 762K and A408S 762Q polymerases were almost indistinguishable from the background, which indicate >100× fidelity of the Taq polymerase and is the threshold of fidelity measurements using this particular experimental setup.

TABLE 1 Polymerase Fidelity, xTaq polymerase fidelity Taq 1 x 762K 20-70 x 762Q 20-70 x 408S 762K >100 x * 408S 762Q >100 x * * 100 x Taq fidelity is the threshold of fidelity measurements

Example 4 Yield and Sensitivity of PCR with a Thermophilic DNA Polymerase According to the Disclosure Provided as Hot-Start Compositions

The performance of a thermophilic DNA polymerase with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 (including a Q at position 762 and S at position 408) (408S 762Q polymerase) was compared to a version with a K at position 762 (408S 762K polymerase) by amplifying various PCR fragments, with the polymerases being provided as dual hot-start compositions. A dUTPase was also supplied in the reactions.

2 kb fragment from human genomic DNA template. The template was human genomic DNA in a series of amounts between 0 and 400 ng in 20 μl reactions. The primers and the PCR program were the same as in Example 1.

The 408S 762Q polymerase showed increased yield and higher sensitivity relative to the 408S (FIG. 7A).

5 kb fragment from phage lambda DNA template. PCR primers were CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC (SEQ ID NO: 68) (forward) and CGAACGTCGCGCAGAGAAACAGG (SEQ ID NO: 69) (reverse). The PCR program was:

98° C. for 30 s;

repeat 30 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   72° C. for 1 min 40 s         72° C. for 10.

Lambda DNA was provided as template at amounts between 0 and 200 ng in 20 μl reactions. Products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained as in Example 1. Sensitivity was higher for reactions with the 408S 762Q polymerase (FIG. 7B).

20 kb fragment from phage lambda DNA template. PCR primers were CTGATGAGTTCGTGTCCGTACAACTGGCGTAATC (SEQ ID NO: 70) (forward) and GTGCACCATGCAACATGAATAACAGTGGGTTATC (SEQ ID NO: 71) (reverse). The PCR program was:

98° C. for 30 s;

repeat 25 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   72° C. for 10 min         72° C. for 10 min.

Lambda DNA was provided as template at amounts between 0 and 100 ng in 20 μl reactions. Products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained as in Example 1. Band intensities from lower amounts of the template were generally greater for reactions with the 408S 762Q polymerase, indicating increased yield and sensitivity (FIG. 8).

20 kb fragment from Escherichia coli genomic DNA template. PCR primers were:

GGGCGTTTTCCGTAACACTG (SEQ ID NO: 72) (forward) and

TGACCACATACAATCGCCGT (SEQ ID NO: 73) (reverse). The PCR program was:

98° C. for 30 s;

repeat 30 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   61° C. for 30 s;     -   72° C. for 10 s;     -   72° C. for 10 min.

E. coli gDNA template was provided as template at amounts between 0 and 40 ng in 20 μl reactions. Products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and stained as in Example 1.

Band intensities from lower amounts of the template were generally greater for reactions with the 408S 762Q polymerase, indicating increased yield and sensitivity (FIG. 9).

7.5 kb fragment from human genomic DNA template. The template was human genomic DNA in a series of amounts between 0 and 400 ng in 20 μl reactions. Primers were:

CTCCACAGGGTGAGGTCTAAGTGATGACA (SEQ ID NO: 74) (forward) and

CAATCTCAGGGCAAGTTAAGGGAATAGTG (SEQ ID NO: 75) (reverse). The PCR program was:

98° C. for 30 s;

repeat 30 cycles of the following: 98° C. for 10 s;

-   -   72° C. for 180 s         72° C. for 10 min.

Band intensities were greater for reactions with the 408S 762Q polymerase, indicating increased yield and sensitivity (FIG. 10).

Example 5 Fidelity of Thermophilic DNA Polymerases Provided as Hot-Start Compositions

Polymerase fidelity was measured by next generation sequencing. Fragmented E. coli DNA (˜300 bp) was amplified by Taq polymerase, 408S polymerase, and 408S 762Q polymerase with the polymerases being provided as dual hot-start compositions, including affibodies and antibodies. A dUTPase was also supplied in the reactions. Polymerase fidelities were measured as in the Example 3.

The error rates for the 408S and 408S 762Q polymerases were almost indistinguishable from the background, which indicate >100× fidelity of the Taq polymerase and is the threshold of fidelity measurements using this particular experimental setup (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Polymerase Fidelity, xTaq polymerase fidelity Taq 1 x 408S >100 x * 408S 762Q >100 x * * 100 x Taq fidelity is the threshold of fidelity measurements

Table of Sequences SEQ ID NO Description Sequence  1 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA Acc. No. WP_011011325.1) LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI amino acid sequence TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TRQVGLTSWL NIKKS  2 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA R762X amino acid sequence LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGLTSWL NIKKS; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N.  3 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA R762Q amino acid sequence LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGLTSWL NIKKS  4 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA A408S R762X amino acid LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI sequence TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGLTSWL NIKKS; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N.  5 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA A408S R762Q amino acid LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI sequence TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGLTSWL NIKKS  6 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank SYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS Acc. No. WP_011011325.1), PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE catalytic domain amino acid RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY sequence AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TRQVGL  7 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank SYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS Acc. No. WP_011011325.1) PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE catalytic domain R762X amino RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY acid sequence AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N.  8 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank SYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS Acc. No. WP_011011325.1) PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE catalytic domain A408S R762X RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY amino acid sequence AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N.  9 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank SYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS Acc. No. WP_011011325.1) PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE catalytic domain R762Q amino RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY acid sequence AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGL 10 Pfu DNA polymerase (GenBank SYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS Acc. No. WP_011011325.1) PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE catalytic domain A408S R762Q RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY amino acid sequence AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGL 11 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA R762X with DNA binding LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI domain amino acid sequence TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 12 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA R762Q with DNA binding LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI domain amino acid sequence TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 13 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA A408S R762X with DNA LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI binding domain amino acid TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY sequence LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TXQVGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 14 Pfu GenBank WP_011011325.1 MILDVDYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGKFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA A408S R762Q with DNA LLRDDSKIEE VKKITGERHG KIVRIVDVEK VEKKFLGKPI binding domain amino acid TVWKLYLEHP QDVPTIREKV REHPAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY sequence LIDKGLIPME GEEELKILAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADENEAKV ITWKNIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLRIIRE KDPDIIVTYN GDSFDFPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVITRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE SGENLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFLPME IQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNEVAPN KPSEEEYQRR LRESYTGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVYLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNLEGCK NYDIAPQVGH KFCKDIPGFI PSLLGHLLEE RQKIKTKMKE TQDPIEKILL DYRQKAIKLL ANSFYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRK YIELVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGESEEIKKK ALEFVKYINS KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKRYAVIDE EGKVITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLET ILKHGDVEEA VRIVKEVIQK LANYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKKLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPKKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRYQK TQQVGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 15 Pyrococcus K762X catalytic SYAGGFVKEP EKGLWENIVS LDFRALYPSI IITHNVSPDT domain amino acid sequence LNREGCRNYD VAPEVGHKFC KDFPGFIPSL LKRLLDERQK IKTKMKASQD PIEKIMLDYR QRAIKILANS YYGYYGYAKA RWYCKECAES VTAWGREYIE FVWKELEEKF GFKVLYIDTD GLYATIPGGK SEEIKKKALE FVDYINAKLP GLLELEYEGF YKRGFFVTKK KYALIDEEGK IITRGLEIVR RDWSEIAKET QARVLEAILK HGNVEEAVRI VKEVTQKLSK YEIPPEKLAI YEQITRPLHE YKAIGPHVAV AKRLAAKGVK IKPGMVIGYI VLRGDGPISN RAILAEEYDP RKHKYDAEYY IENQVLPAVL RILEGFGYRK EDLRWQKTXQ TGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 16 Pyrococcus A408S K762X SYAGGFVKEP EKGLWENIVS LDFRSLYPSI IITHNVSPDT catalytic domain amino acid LNREGCRNYD VAPEVGHKFC KDFPGFIPSL LKRLLDERQK sequence IKTKMKASQD PIEKIMLDYR QRAIKILANS YYGYYGYAKA RWYCKECAES VTAWGREYIE FVWKELEEKF GFKVLYIDTD GLYATIPGGK SEEIKKKALE FVDYINAKLP GLLELEYEGF YKRGFFVTKK KYALIDEEGK IITRGLEIVR RDWSEIAKET QARVLEAILK HGNVEEAVRI VKEVTQKLSK YEIPPEKLAI YEQITRPLHE YKAIGPHVAV AKRLAAKGVK IKPGMVIGYI VLRGDGPISN RAILAEEYDP RKHKYDAEYY IENQVLPAVL RILEGFGYRK EDLRWQKTXQ TGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 17 Pyrococcus K762Q catalytic SYAGGFVKEP EKGLWENIVS LDFRALYPSI IITHNVSPDT domain amino acid sequence LNREGCRNYD VAPEVGHKFC KDFPGFIPSL LKRLLDERQK IKTKMKASQD PIEKIMLDYR QRAIKILANS YYGYYGYAKA RWYCKECAES VTAWGREYIE FVWKELEEKF GFKVLYIDTD GLYATIPGGK SEEIKKKALE FVDYINAKLP GLLELEYEGF YKRGFFVTKK KYALIDEEGK IITRGLEIVR RDWSEIAKET QARVLEAILK HGNVEEAVRI VKEVTQKLSK YEIPPEKLAI YEQITRPLHE YKAIGPHVAV AKRLAAKGVK IKPGMVIGYI VLRGDGPISN RAILAEEYDP RKHKYDAEYY IENQVLPAVL RILEGFGYRK EDLRWQKTQQ TGL 18 Pyrococcus 408S K762Q SYAGGFVKEP EKGLWENIVS LDFRSLYPSI IITHNVSPDT catalytic domain amino acid LNREGCRNYD VAPEVGHKFC KDFPGFIPSL LKRLLDERQK sequence IKTKMKASQD PIEKIMLDYR QRAIKILANS YYGYYGYAKA RWYCKECAES VTAWGREYIE FVWKELEEKF GFKVLYIDTD GLYATIPGGK SEEIKKKALE FVDYINAKLP GLLELEYEGF YKRGFFVTKK KYALIDEEGK IITRGLEIVR RDWSEIAKET QARVLEAILK HGNVEEAVRI VKEVTQKLSK YEIPPEKLAI YEQITRPLHE YKAIGPHVAV AKRLAAKGVK IKPGMVIGYI VLRGDGPISN RAILAEEYDP RKHKYDAEYY IENQVLPAVL RILEGFGYRK EDLRWQKTQQ TGL 76 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including exonuclease LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI domain and catalytic domain, TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY K762X LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 77 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY catalytic domain, LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI A408S K762X SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 78 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY catalytic domain, K762Q LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGL 79 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY catalytic domain,  LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI A408S K762Q SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGL 19 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and DNA  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY binding domain, K762X LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 20 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and DNA  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY binding domain, K762Q LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRALY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 21 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and DNA  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY binding domain, A408S K762X LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 22 Pyrococcus DNA polymerase MILDADYITE EGKPVIRLFK KENGEFKIEH DRTFRPYIYA sequence including  LLKDDSKIEE VKKITAERHG KIVRIVDAEK VEKKFLGRPI exonuclease domain and  TVWRLYFEHP QDVPTIREKI REHSAVVDIF EYDIPFAKRY sequence non-specific DNA  LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGKGPIIMI binding domain, A408S K762Q SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKIIRE KDPDIIITYN GDSFDLPYLA KRAEKLGIKL TIGRDGSEPK MQRIGDMTAV EVKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YADEIAKAWE TGEGLERVAK YSMEDAKATY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGFV KEPEKGLWEN IVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR NYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQKIKTKMKA SQDPIEKIML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVWKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GGKSEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYKRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQARVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VRIVKEVTQK LSKYEIPPEK LAIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAK GVKIKPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISNRAILAEE YDPRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEGFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGLTSWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 23 K762X variant of Deep Vent MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA DNA polymerase amino acid LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI sequence EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGLTAWL NIKKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 24 K762Q variant of Deep Vent MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA DNA polymerase amino acid LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI sequence EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGLTAWL NIKKK 25 K762X variant of Deep Vent SYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS DNA polymerase catalytic PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE domain amino acid sequence RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 26 K762Q variant of Deep Vent SYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS DNA polymerase catalytic PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE domain amino acid sequence RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGL 27 K762X variant of Deep Vent MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA DNA polymerase amino acid LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI sequence with DNA binding EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY domain LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGLTAWL NIKKKGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 28 K762Q variant of Deep Vent MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA DNA polymerase amino acid LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI sequence with DNA binding EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY domain LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGLTAWL NIKKKGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 29 K762X K775S variant of Deep MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA Vent DNA polymerase amino LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI acid sequence with sequence EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY non-specific DNA binding LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI domain SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TXQTGLTAWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 30 K762Q K775S variant of Deep MILDADYITE DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKVEY DRNFRPYIYA Vent DNA polymerase amino LLKDDSQIDE VRKITAERHG KIVRIIDAEK VRKKFLGRPI acid sequence with sequence EVWRLYFEHP QDVPAIRDKI REHSAVIDIF EYDIPFAKRY non-specific DNA binding LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAKGPIIMI domain SYADEEEAKV ITWKKIDLPY VEVVSSEREM IKRFLKVIRE KDPDVIITYN GDSFDLPYLV KRAEKLGIKL PLGRDGSEPK MQRLGDMTAV EIKGRIHFDL YHVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGKPKEKV YAHEIAEAWE TGKGLERVAK YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLVGQP LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWYLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEREYERR LRESYAGGYV KEPEKGLWEG LVSLDFRSLY PSIIITHNVS PDTLNREGCR EYDVAPEVGH KFCKDFPGFI PSLLKRLLDE RQEIKRKMKA SKDPIEKKML DYRQRAIKIL ANSYYGYYGY AKARWYCKEC AESVTAWGRE YIEFVRKELE EKFGFKVLYI DTDGLYATIP GAKPEEIKKK ALEFVDYINA KLPGLLELEY EGFYVRGFFV TKKKYALIDE EGKIITRGLE IVRRDWSEIA KETQAKVLEA ILKHGNVEEA VKIVKEVTEK LSKYEIPPEK LVIYEQITRP LHEYKAIGPH VAVAKRLAAR GVKVRPGMVI GYIVLRGDGP ISKRAILAEE FDLRKHKYDA EYYIENQVLP AVLRILEAFG YRKEDLRWQK TQQTGLTAWL NIKKSGTGGG GATVKFKYKG EEKEVDISKI KKVWRVGKMI SFTYDEGGGK TGRGAVSEKD APKELLQMLE KQKK 31 K764X variant of  MILDTDYITK DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKIEL DPHFQPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE IKAIKGERHG KTVRVLDAVK VRKKFLGREV litoralis DNA polymerase EVWKLIFEHP QDVPAMRGKI REHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETFYHEGD EFGKGEIIMI SYADEEEARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSNEREM IKRFVQVVKE KDPDVIITYN GDNFDLPYLI KRAEKLGVRL VLGRDKEHPE PKIQRMGDSF AVEIKGRIHF DLFPVVRRTI NLPTYTLEAV YEAVLGKTKS KLGAEEIAAI WETEESMKKL AQYSMEDARA TYELGKEFFP MEAELAKLIG QSVWDVSRSS TGNLVEWYLL RVAYARNELA PNKPDEEEYK RRLRTTYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN VSPDTLEKEG CKNYDVAPIV GYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI AMRQDIKKKM KSTIDPIEKK MLDYRQRAIK LLANSYYGYM GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIRE IEEKFGFKVL YADTDGFYAT IPGEKPELIK KKAKEFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKEGSVE KAVEVVRDVV EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPRKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSXQTGLDA WLKR; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 32 K764Q variant of  MILDTDYITK DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKIEL DPHFQPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE IKAIKGERHG KTVRVLDAVK VRKKFLGREV litoralis DNA polymerase EVWKLIFEHP QDVPAMRGKI REHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETFYHEGD EFGKGEIIMI SYADEEEARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSNEREM IKRFVQVVKE KDPDVIITYN GDNFDLPYLI KRAEKLGVRL VLGRDKEHPE PKIQRMGDSF AVEIKGRIHF DLFPVVRRTI NLPTYTLEAV YEAVLGKTKS KLGAEEIAAI WETEESMKKL AQYSMEDARA TYELGKEFFP MEAELAKLIG QSVWDVSRSS TGNLVEWYLL RVAYARNELA PNKPDEEEYK RRLRTTYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN VSPDTLEKEG CKNYDVAPIV GYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI AMRQDIKKKM KSTIDPIEKK MLDYRQRAIK LLANSYYGYM GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIRE IEEKFGFKVL YADTDGFYAT IPGEKPELIK KKAKEFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKEGSVE KAVEVVRDVV EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPRKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSQQTGLDA WLKR 33 K764X variant of  TYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN Thermococcus VSPDTLEKEG CKNYDVAPIV GYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI litoralis DNA polymerase AMRQDIKKKM KSTIDPIEKK MLDYRQRAIK LLANSYYGYM catalytic domain amino acid GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIRE IEEKFGFKVL sequence YADTDGFYAT IPGEKPELIK KKAKEFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKEGSVE KAVEVVRDVV EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPRKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSXQTGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 34 K764Q variant of  TYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN Thermococcus VSPDTLEKEG CKNYDVAPIV GYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI litoralis DNA polymerase AMRQDIKKKM KSTIDPIEKK MLDYRQRAIK LLANSYYGYM catalytic domain amino acid GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIRE IEEKFGFKVL sequence YADTDGFYAT IPGEKPELIK KKAKEFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKEGSVE KAVEVVRDVV EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPRKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSQQTGL 35 K764X variant of  MILDTDYITK DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKIEL DPHFQPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE IKAIKGERHG KSVRVVDAVK VKKKFLGREV litoralis DNA polymerase, EVWKLIFEHP QDVPAMRDKI KEHPAVIDIY EYDIPFAKRY sequence 2 (acc. ADK47977.1)  LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETFYHEGD EFGKGEIIMI SYADEEEARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSNEREM IKRFVQVVKE KDPDVIITYN GDNFDLPYLI KRAEKLGVRL VLGRDKENPE PKIQRMGDSF AVEIKGRIHF DLFPVVRRTI NLPTYTLEAV YEAVLGKTKS KLGAEEIAAI WETEESMKKL AQYSMEDARA TYELGKEFFP MEAELAKLIG QSVWDVSRSS TGNLVEWYLL RVAYERNELA PNKPDEEEYK RRLRTTYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN VSPDTLEKEG CENYDIAPIV SYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI AMRQEIKKKM KATIDPVERK MLDYRQRAVK LLANSYYGYM GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIKE IEEKFGFKVL YADTDGFYAT ISGEKPEIIK KKAREFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKDGSVE KAVEIVRDVL EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPEKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSXQTGLDA WLKR; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 36 K764Q variant of  MILDTDYITK DGKPIIRIFK KENGEFKIEL DPHFQPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE IKAIKGERHG KSVRVVDAVK VKKKFLGREV litoralis DNA polymerase, EVWKLIFEHP QDVPAMRDKI KEHPAVIDIY EYDIPFAKRY sequence 2 (acc. ADK47977.1) LIDKGLIPME GDEELKLLAF DIETFYHEGD EFGKGEIIMI SYADEEEARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSNEREM IKRFVQVVKE KDPDVIITYN GDNFDLPYLI KRAEKLGVRL VLGRDKENPE PKIQRMGDSF AVEIKGRIHF DLFPVVRRTI NLPTYTLEAV YEAVLGKTKS KLGAEEIAAI WETEESMKKL AQYSMEDARA TYELGKEFFP MEAELAKLIG QSVWDVSRSS TGNLVEWYLL RVAYERNELA PNKPDEEEYK RRLRTTYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN VSPDTLEKEG CENYDIAPIV SYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI AMRQEIKKKM KATIDPVERK MLDYRQRAVK LLANSYYGYM GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIKE IEEKFGFKVL YADTDGFYAT ISGEKPEIIK KKAREFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKDGSVE KAVEIVRDVL EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPEKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSQQTGLDA WLKR 37 K764X variant of  TYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN Thermococcus VSPDTLEKEG CENYDIAPIV SYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI litoralis DNA polymerase, AMRQEIKKKM KATIDPVERK MLDYRQRAVK LLANSYYGYM sequence 2 (acc. ADK47977.1), GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIKE IEEKFGFKVL catalytic domain amino acid YADTDGFYAT ISGEKPEIIK KKAREFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL sequence EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKDGSVE KAVEIVRDVL EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPEKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSXQTGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 38 K764Q variant of  TYLGG YVKEPEKGLW ENIIYLDFRS LYPSIIVTHN Thermococcus VSPDTLEKEG CENYDIAPIV SYRFCKDFPG FIPSILGDLI litoralis DNA polymerase, AMRQEIKKKM KATIDPVERK MLDYRQRAVK LLANSYYGYM sequence 2 (acc. ADK47977.1), GYPKARWYSK ECAESVTAWG RHYIEMTIKE IEEKFGFKVL catalytic domain amino acid YADTDGFYAT ISGEKPEIIK KKAREFLNYI NSKLPGLLEL sequence EYEGFYLRGF FVTKKRYAVI DEEGRITTRG LEVVRRDWSE IAKETQAKVL EAILKDGSVE KAVEIVRDVL EKIAKYRVPL EKLVIHEQIT RDLKDYKAIG PHVAIAKRLA ARGIKVKPGT IISYIVLKGS GKISDRVILL TEYDPEKHKY DPDYYIENQV LPAVLRILEA FGYRKEDLRY QSSQQTGL 39 R761X variant of  MILDTDYITE DGKPVIRIFK KENGEFKIDY DRNFEPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIED VKKITAERHG TTVRVVRAEK VKKKFLGRPI gorgonarius DNA polymerase EVWKLYFTHP QDVPAIRDKI KEHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAEGPILMI SYADEEGARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSTEKEM IKRFLKVVKE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRSEKLGVKF ILGREGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGQPKEKV YAEEIAQAWE TGEGLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDERELARR RESYAGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCEE YDVAPQVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKVKKKMKAT IDPIEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGRQY IETTIREIEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLDYINAK LPGLLELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE DKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIYEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG IKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPAKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGLGAWLK PKT; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 40 R761Q variant of  MILDTDYITE DGKPVIRIFK KENGEFKIDY DRNFEPYIYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIED VKKITAERHG TTVRVVRAEK VKKKFLGRPI gorgonarius DNA polymerase EVWKLYFTHP QDVPAIRDKI KEHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELKMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAEGPILMI SYADEEGARV ITWKNIDLPY VDVVSTEKEM IKRFLKVVKE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRSEKLGVKF ILGREGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AIFGQPKEKV YAEEIAQAWE TGEGLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGKEFFPME AQLSRLVGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDERELARR RESYAGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCEE YDVAPQVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKVKKKMKAT IDPIEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGRQY IETTIREIEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLDYINAK LPGLLELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE DKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIYEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG IKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPAKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGLGAWLK PKT 41 R761X variant of  SYAGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococcus DTLNREGCEE YDVAPQVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER gorgonarius DNA polymerase, QKVKKKMKAT IDPIEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA catalytic domain amino acid KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGRQY IETTIREIEE KFGFKVLYAD sequence TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLDYINAK LPGLLELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE DKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIYEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG IKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPAKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 42 R761Q variant of  SYAGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococcus DTLNREGCEE YDVAPQVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER gorgonarius DNA polymerase, QKVKKKMKAT IDPIEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA catalytic domain amino acid KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGRQY IETTIREIEE KFGFKVLYAD sequence TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLDYINAK LPGLLELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE DKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIYEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG IKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPAKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGL 43 R761X variant of  MILDTDYITE DGKPVIRIFK KENGEFKIEY DRTFEPYFYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE VKKITAERHG TVVTVKRVEK VQKKFLGRPV kodakarensis DNA polymerase EVWKLYFTHP QDVPAIRDKI REHPAVIDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLVPME GDEELKMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAEGPILMI SYADEEGARV ITWKNVDLPY VDVVSTEREM IKRFLRVVKE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRCEKLGINF ALGRDGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AVFGQPKEKV YAEEITTAWE TGENLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGKEFLPME AQLSRLIGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEKELARR RQSYEGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCKE YDVAPQVGHR FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKIKKKMKAT IDPIERKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSYYGYYGYA RARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY ITMTIKEIEE KYGFKVIYSD TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA MEFLKYINAK LPGALELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAL LKDGDVEKAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPTKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGLSAWLK PKGT; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 44 R761Q variant of  MILDTDYITE DGKPVIRIFK KENGEFKIEY DRTFEPYFYA Thermococcus LLKDDSAIEE VKKITAERHG TVVTVKRVEK VQKKFLGRPV kodakarensis DNA polymerase EVWKLYFTHP QDVPAIRDKI REHPAVIDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLVPME GDEELKMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFAEGPILMI SYADEEGARV ITWKNVDLPY VDVVSTEREM IKRFLRVVKE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRCEKLGINF ALGRDGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AVFGQPKEKV YAEEITTAWE TGENLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGKEFLPME AQLSRLIGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYERNELAPN KPDEKELARR RQSYEGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCKE YDVAPQVGHR FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKIKKKMKAT IDPIERKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSYYGYYGYA RARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY ITMTIKEIEE KYGFKVIYSD TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA MEFLKYINAK LPGALELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAL LKDGDVEKAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPTKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGLSAWLK PKGT 45 R761X variant of  SYEGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococcus DTLNREGCKE YDVAPQVGHR FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER kodakarensis DNA polymerase,  QKIKKKMKAT IDPIERKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSYYGYYGYA catalytic domain amino acid RARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY ITMTIKEIEE KYGFKVIYSD sequence TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA MEFLKYINAK LPGALELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAL LKDGDVEKAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPTKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 46 R761Q variant of  SYEGGYVK EPERGLWENI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococcus DTLNREGCKE YDVAPQVGHR FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER kodakarensis DNA polymerase,  QKIKKKMKAT IDPIERKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSYYGYYGYA catalytic domain amino acid RARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY ITMTIKEIEE KYGFKVIYSD sequence TDGFFATIPG ADAETVKKKA MEFLKYINAK LPGALELEYE GFYKRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAL LKDGDVEKAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL KDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPFDEF DPTKHKYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILRAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGL 47 K761X variant of GYAGGYVK EPERGLWDNI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococens species, 90 N-7 DTLNREGCKE YDVAPEVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER DNA polymerase catalytic QKIKRKMKAT VDPLEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA domain amino acid sequence KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY IEMVIRELEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGLHATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLKYINPK LPGLLELEYE GFYVRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL RDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPADEF DPTKHRYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILKAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGL; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 48 K761Q variant of GYAGGYVK EPERGLWDNI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP Thermococcus species 90 N-7 DTLNREGCKE YDVAPEVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER DNA polymerase catalytic QKIKRKMKAT VDPLEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA domain amino acid sequence KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY IEMVIRELEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGLHATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLKYINPK LPGLLELEYE GFYVRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL RDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPADEF DPTKHRYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILKAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGL 49 K761X variant of MILDTDYITE NGKPVIRVFK KENGEFKIEY DRTFEPYFYA Thermococcus species 90 N-7 LLKDDSAIED VKKVTAKRHG TVVKVKRAEK VQKKFLGRPI DNA polymerase EVWKLYFNHP QDVPAIRDRI RAHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELTMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGTGPILMI SYADGSEARV ITWKKIDLPY VDVVSTEKEM IKRFLRVVRE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRCEELGIKF TLGRDGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AVFGKPKEKV YAEEIAQAWE SGEGLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLIGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYKRNELAPN KPDERELARR RGGYAGGYVK EPERGLWDNI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCKE YDVAPEVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKIKRKMKAT VDPLEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY IEMVIRELEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGLHATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLKYINPK LPGLLELEYE GFYVRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL RDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPADEF DPTKHRYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILKAFGY RKEDLRYQKT XQVGLGAWLK VKGKK; wherein X is selected from Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, M, W, A, I, L, F, V, P, and G; in some embodiments, X is selected from Q and N. 50 K761Q variant of MILDTDYITE NGKPVIRVFK KENGEFKIEY DRTFEPYFYA Thermococcus species 90 N-7 LLKDDSAIED VKKVTAKRHG TVVKVKRAEK VQKKFLGRPI DNA polymerase EVWKLYFNHP QDVPAIRDRI RAHPAVVDIY EYDIPFAKRY LIDKGLIPME GDEELTMLAF DIETLYHEGE EFGTGPILMI SYADGSEARV ITWKKIDLPY VDVVSTEKEM IKRFLRVVRE KDPDVLITYN GDNFDFAYLK KRCEELGIKF TLGRDGSEPK IQRMGDRFAV EVKGRIHFDL YPVIRRTINL PTYTLEAVYE AVFGKPKEKV YAEEIAQAWE SGEGLERVAR YSMEDAKVTY ELGREFFPME AQLSRLIGQS LWDVSRSSTG NLVEWFLLRK AYKRNELAPN KPDERELARR RGGYAGGYVK EPERGLWDNI VYLDFRSLYP SIIITHNVSP DTLNREGCKE YDVAPEVGHK FCKDFPGFIP SLLGDLLEER QKIKRKMKAT VDPLEKKLLD YRQRAIKILA NSFYGYYGYA KARWYCKECA ESVTAWGREY IEMVIRELEE KFGFKVLYAD TDGLHATIPG ADAETVKKKA KEFLKYINPK LPGLLELEYE GFYVRGFFVT KKKYAVIDEE GKITTRGLEI VRRDWSEIAK ETQARVLEAI LKHGDVEEAV RIVKEVTEKL SKYEVPPEKL VIHEQITRDL RDYKATGPHV AVAKRLAARG VKIRPGTVIS YIVLKGSGRI GDRAIPADEF DPTKHRYDAE YYIENQVLPA VERILKAFGY RKEDLRYQKT QQVGLGAWLK VKGKK 51 E775Q variant of  MRFWPLDATY SVVGGVPEVR VFGVDGEGRR VVLVDRRFRP Pyrobaculurn YFYAKCDKCD ASLAKSYLSR VAPVEAVEVV ERRFFGRPTI calidifontis DNA polymerase FLKVVAKVPE DVRKLREAAL GAPGVVDVYE ADIRYYMRYM IDKGVVPCAW NVVEAREAGK LGPLPLYEVV EWAGVEEGFP PPLRVLAFDI EVYNERGSPD PLRDPVVMLA VKTSDGREEV FEAEGRDDRR VIRGFVDFVK EFDPDVIVGY NSNGFDWPYL SERAKALGVP LRVDRLGGVP QQSVYGHWSV VGRANVDLYN IVDEFPEIKV KTLDRVAEYF GVMKRSERVL IPGHKVYEYW NDPAKRPTLM RYVLDDVRST LGLAEKLLPF LIQLSSVSGL PLDQVAAASV GNRVEWMLLR YAYRMGEVAP NREEREYEPY KGAIVLEPKP GLYSDVLVLD FSSMYPNIMM KYNLSPDTYL EPHEPDPPEG VVVAPEVGHR FRKAPTGFIP AVLKHLVELR RAVREEAKKY PPDSPEYRLL DERQRALKVM ANAMYGYLGW VGARWYKKEV AESVTAFARA ILLDVVEYAK RLGIEVIYGD TDSLFVKKSG AVDRLVKYVE ERHGIEIKVD KDYERVLFTE AKKRYAGLLR DGRIDIVGFE VVRGDWCELA KEVQLNVVEL ILKSKSVGEA RERVVKYVRE VVERLKAYKF DLDDLIIWKT LDKELDEYKA YGPHVHAALE LKRRGYKVGK GTTVGYVIVR GPGKVSERAM PYIFVDDASK VDVDYYIEKQ VIPAALRIAE VLGVKESDLK TGRVQKSLLD FIG 52 E778Q variant of  MKFKLWPLDA TYSVVGGVPE VRIFGISESG DRVVVVDRRF Pyrobaculum RPYFYADCPA CDPESVRSQL GRVAPVEEVV AVERRYLGRP aerophilum DNA polymerase RSFLKIVARV PEDVRKLREA AAALPGVSGV YEADIRFYMR YMLDMGVVPC SWNTVDAEAT GEKLGNLPVY KVAEWGGVTE GFPPPLRVLA FDIEVYNERG TPDPLRDPVI LLAVQASDGR VEVFEASGRD DRSVLRSFID FVREFDPDVI VGYNSNQFDW PYLAERARAL GIPLKVDRVG GAPQQSVYGH WSVTGRANVD LYNIVDEFPE IKLKTLDRVA EYFGVMKREE RVLVPGHKIY EYWRDQGKRP LLRQYVIDDV KSTYGLAEKL LPFLIQLSSV SGLPLDQVAA ASVGNRVEWM LLRYAYRLGE VAPNREEREY EPYKGAIVLE PRPGLYSDVL ALDFSSMYPN IMMKYNLSPD TYLERGEPDP PGGVYVAPEV GHRFRREPPG FIPLVLRQLI ELRKRVREEL KKYPPDSPEY RVLDERQRAL KIMANAMYGY TGWVGARWYK KEVAESVTAF ARAILKDVIE YARKAGIVVI YGDTDSLFVK KSGDVEKLVK YVEEKYGIDI KIDKDYSTVL FTEAKKRYAG LLRDGRIDIV GFEVVRGDWS ELAKEVQLRV IELILTSRDV SEARQKVVKY VRGVIDKLRN YEVDLDDLII WKTLDKELDE YKAYPPHVHA AILLKKRGYK VGKGTTIGYV VVKGGEKVSE RAVPYIFIDD IEKIDLDYYV ERQVIPAALR LAEVIGIKEG DLKTGRSQRT LLDFF 53 Sso7d SNS-dsDBD amino acid ATVKFKYKGE EKEVDI SKIK KVWRVGKMI S FTYDEGGGKT sequence of Sulfolobus GRGAVSEKDA PKELLQMLEK QKK solfataricus  (see US 6,627,424) 54 Sac7d SNS-dsDBD amino acid VKVKFKYKGE EKEVDTSKIK KVWRVGKMVS FTYDDNGKTG sequence of Sulfolobus RGAVSEKDAP KELLDMLARA EREKK acidocaldarius 55 Pyrobaculum aerophilum SKKQKLKFYD IKAKQAFETD QYEVIEKQTA RGPMMFAVAK Pae3192 amino acid sequence SPYTGIKVYR LLGKKK 56 Pyrobaculum aerophilum AKQKLKFYDI KAKQSFETDK YEVIEKETAR GPMLFAVATS Pae0384 amino acid sequence PYTGIKVYRL LGKKK 57 Aeropyrum pernix Ape3192 PKKEKIKFFD LVAKKYYETD NYEVEIKETK RGKFRFAKAK amino acid sequence SPYTGKIFYR VLGKA 58 HMfA HMf family archaeal GELPIAPIGR IIKNAGAERV SDDARIALAK VLEEMGEEIA histone amino acid sequence SEAVKLAKHA GRKTIKAED of Methanothermus fervidus 59 HMfB HMf family archaeal ELPIAPIGRI IKDAGAERVS DDARITLAKI LEEMGRDIAS histone amino acid sequence EAIKLARHAG RKTIKAEDI of Methanothermus fervidus 60 HpyA1 HMf family archaeal GELPIAPVDR LIRKAGAERV SEEAAKILAE YLEEYAIEVS histone amino acid sequence KKAVEFARHA GRKTVKAED of Pyrococcus strain GB-3a 61 HpyA2 HMf family archaeal AELPIAPVDR LIRKAGAQRV SEQAAKLLAE HLEEKALEIA histone amino acid sequence RKAVDLAKHA GRKTVKAED of Pyrococcus strain GB-3a 62 Sso7d sequence non-specific ATVKFKYKGE EKEVDISKIK KVWRVGKMIS FTYDEGGGKT DNA-binding domain amino  GRGAVSEKDA PKELLQMLEK QK acid sequence 63 Pyrococcus 3′-5′ exonuclease EELKLLAFDI ETLYHEGEEF GKGPIIMISY ADEEEAKVIT domain amino acid sequence WKKIDLPYVE VVSSEREMIK RFLKIIREKD PDIIITYNGD SFDLPYLAKR AEKLGIKLTI GRDGSEPKMQ RIGDMTAVEV KGRIHFDLYH VIRRTINLPT YTLEAVYEAI FGKPKEKVYA DEIAKAWETG EGLERVAKYS MEDAKATYEL GKEF 64 PCR Primer nucleotide  GAAGAGCCAAGGACAGGTAC sequence 65 PCR Primer nucleotide  CCTCCAAATCAAGCCTCTAC sequence 66 PCR Primer nucleotide  CAGTGCAGTGCTTGATAACAGG sequence 67 PCR Primer nucleotide  GTAGTGCGCGTTTGATTTCC sequence 68 PCR Primer nucleotide  CCTGCTCTGCCGCTTCACGC sequence 69 PCR Primer nucleotide  CGAACGTCGCGCAGAGAAACAGG sequence 70 PCR Primer nucleotide  CTGATGAGTTCGTGTCCGTACAACTGGCGTAATC sequence 71 PCR Primer nucleotide  GTGCACCATGCAACATGAATAACAGTGGGTTATC sequence 72 PCR Primer nucleotide  GGGCGTTTTCCGTAACACTG sequence 73 PCR Primer nucleotide  TGACCACATACAATCGCCGT sequence 74 PCR Primer nucleotide  CTCCACAGGGTGAGGTCTAAGTGATGACA sequence 75 PCR Primer nucleotide  CAATCTCAGGGCAAGTTAAGGGAATAGTG sequence 

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermophilic DNA polymerase comprising a family B polymerase catalytic domain having an amino acid sequence in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, W, A, F, P, and G, wherein the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 80% identity to the family B polymerase catalytic domain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; wherein said thermophilic DNA polymerase possesses increased inhibitor tolerance and/or increased yield compared to a thermophilic DNA polymerase in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is not a neutral amino acid; and wherein the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 95%, identity to the family B polymerase catalytic domain sequence of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 25, 33, 41, 45 and
 47. 2. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid residue at the position of the amino acid sequence that corresponds to position 25 of SEQ ID NO: 15 is a serine.
 3. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the family B polymerase catalytic domain comprises a consecutive amino acid sequence of WQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 80), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), KTXQT (SEQ ID NO: 82), YQKTX (SEQ ID NO: 83), XQVGL (SEQ ID NO: 84), KTXQV (SEQ ID NO: 85), YQSSX (SEQ ID NO: 86), XQTGL (SEQ ID NO: 81), SSXQT (SEQ ID NO: 87), TGRVX (SEQ ID NO: 88), XKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 89), RVXKS (SEQ ID NO: 90), TGRSX (SEQ ID NO: 91), XRTLL (SEQ ID NO: 92), or RSXRT (SEQ ID NO: 93); wherein X is a neutral amino acid residue; and wherein X is within 20 residues of the C-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain.
 4. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 1, which comprises a sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain.
 5. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 53 to
 62. 6. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is C-terminal to the family B polymerase catalytic domain.
 7. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is a 7 kD DNA-binding domain.
 8. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the sequence non-specific double-stranded DNA-binding domain is an Sso7d, Sac7d, or Sac7e domain.
 9. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the thermophilic DNA polymerase comprises: (a) the consecutive amino acid residues LDFRS (SEQ ID NO: 94), (b) the consecutive amino acid residues FRSLY (SEQ ID NO: 95), or (c) the consecutive amino acid residues SLYPS (SEQ ID NO: 96), wherein the serine residues in LDFRS (SEQ ID NO: 94) and FRSLY (SEQ ID NO: 95), and the first serine residue in SLYPS (SEQ ID NO: 96) are within 30 amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the family B polymerase catalytic domain.
 10. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the neutral amino acid residue is a polar neutral amino acid residue.
 11. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the neutral amino acid residue comprises an amide.
 12. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, wherein the neutral amino acid residue is selected from Q and N.
 13. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 4, which comprises a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain.
 14. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 13, wherein the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain is N-terminal to the family B polymerase catalytic domain.
 15. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 13, wherein the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO:
 63. 16. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 1, wherein the thermophilic DNA polymerase has at least one of the following properties:(i) capable of amplifying a 2 kb target from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in the presence of 0.2 μM heparin in a PCR; or(ii) capable of amplifying a 2 kb target from 40 ng of human genomic DNA template in the presence of 400 ng/μl xylan in a PCR; wherein amplification is successful if product is detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining within 30 PCR cycles.
 17. A thermophilic DNA polymerase comprising a family B polymerase catalytic domain having an amino acid sequence in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is a neutral amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Q, N, H, S, T, Y, C, W, A, F, P, and G, wherein the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 95% identity to the family B polymerase catalytic domain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and wherein said thermophilic DNA polymerase possesses increased inhibitor tolerance and/or increased yield compared to a thermophilic DNA polymerase in which the position corresponding to position 379 of SEQ ID NO: 6 is not a neutral amino acid.
 18. The thermophilic DNA polymerase of claim 17, wherein the family B polymerase catalytic domain has at least 98% identity to the family B polymerase catalytic domain sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 15. 